Review for our last test in Immunology Chpts 14-18 DelTech Owens
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| During blood transfusions, the relevant antigens are on the __ __ __. | red blood cells, or erythrocytes
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| There are __ of different erythrocyte antigens. | hundreds
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| What is the most common type of organ transplantation? | blood transfusions
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| We will focus on the __ system of blood groups. | ABO
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| The ABO system of RBCs is characterized by different __ __ attached to RBCs. | carbohydrate moieties
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| The ABO system of RBCs is characterized by different carbohydrate moieties attached to certain __ and __ on the RBCs. | glycoproteins and glycolipids
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| Differences between blood types are due to enzymes that add specific __ __ at the end of the carbohydrate chain of the glycoprotein or glycolipid. | terminal sugars
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| The A blood group has what at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine)
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| The B blood group has what at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | (terminal) galactose
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| The AB blood group has what at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | GalNAc and galactose
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| What does the O blood group have at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | It doesn't have either terminal sugar at the end
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| People have naturally occurring antibodies to the terminal sugars EXCEPT for the ones their RBCs contain. What type of antibody do they develop against the sugars? | IgM
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| People develop IgM antibodies due to exposure to cross-reactive antigens from a wide variety of different __. | microorganisms
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| Why don't you develop antibodies to the antigens on your own blood cells? | immunological tolerance
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| If you have blood type A, then you have antibodies to what type of blood? | B
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| If you have blood type B, then you have antibodies to what type of blood? | A
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| If you have blood type O, then you have antibodies to what type of blood? | A and B
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| Both the donor and the recipient of a blood transfusion must be __. | compatible
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| What does Rh stand for? | Rhesus system
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| The most dramatic effect of the Rhesus system is seen in ? | hemolytic disease of the newborn
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| The Rh antigen is also known as the ? | D antigen
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| If there are D antigens on your RBCs, then they are ? | Rh +
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| Do we develop naturally occurring antibodies to the D/Rh antigen as we do with A and B? | No
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| An Rh(- or +?) recipient can receive a transfusion from an Rh (- or +?) donor once. | - receives from +
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| After someone who if Rh- receives a transfusion from someone who is Rh+, the recipient's body would make __ against the D/Rh antigen. | antibodies
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| What type of reaction do you get when you give a recipient the wrong blood type? | hemolytic
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| Which type of antibody forms against the Rh antigen after the first exposure? | IgG
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| Which kind of antibody can cross the placenta when a woman is pregnant? | IgG
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| If an Rh- woman is pregnant with a second baby that has the D antigen, what will happen? | hemolytic disease of the newborn
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| IgM works at room temperature, but IgG works best at what temperature? | 37 C
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| How many times can an Rh- recipient get a blood transfusion from someone who Rh+? | Only once
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| If an ABO blood typing test is positive, what will happen to the sample? | agglutination
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| If blood with anti-A antibodies agglutinate, then the patient has what blood type? | B
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| If blood samples with both the anti-A and anti-B agglutinate, then the patient has what blood type? | A and B
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| If neither of the blood samples agglutinate during a blood typing test, your patient has which blood type? | O
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| If the blood sample agglutinates when Rh/D is added, then the patient is RH + or -? | Rh+
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| If blood with anti-B with anti-B antibodies agglutinate, then the patient has what blood type? | A
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| If the blood sample does NOT agglutinate when Rh/D is added, the patient has which blood type? | Rh-
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| Agglutination is determined after you have __ the RBCs. | centrifuged
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| When blood typing, the cells can't travel through the gelatin if they __. | agglutinate
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| When blood typing, the cells can travel through the gelatin if they don't __. | agglutinate
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| If the cells can't agglutinate during a blood typing test, they end up where? | bottom of the tube
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| Successful kidney transplants have been happening for about how long? | 60 years
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| Transplanted organs and tissues are called ? | grafts
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| A graft from the same individual to the same individual is called an ? | autograft
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| A graft that is from a genetically similar individual is an ? | isograft
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| A graft from a genetically different individual of the same species is an ? | allograft
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| A graft from a member of a different species is an ? | xenograft
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| What are the major components seen as foreign to the body during a transplant? | MHC and HLA
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| The HLA system is inherited per a typical __ inheritance pattern. | Mendelian
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| The offspring inherits one __ from each parent. | haplotype
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| Unless the parents are genetically similar, children are no more than __% compatible with each parent. | 50
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| 2 offspring of the same parents have a __% chance of inheriting the same haplotypes. | 25
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| Grafts are highly ? | vascularized
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| ABO antigens can be found on __, __ cells and __ cells. | RBCs, epithelial cells and endothelial cells
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| Sometimes, this kind of blood cell can also carry ABO antigens (from plasma). | lymphocytes
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| Are ABO-incompatible transplantations possible? | yes
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| ABO-incompatible transplantations are possible with pre-transplant __ and __ therapy to prevent new antibodies from forming. | pre-transplant plasmapheresis and Rituxan therapy
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| The immunological mechanisms of most graft rejections are __ mediated. | cell
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| Transfer of blood serum does not transfer __ immunity. | allograft
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| Transfer of __ DOES transfer allograft immunity. | T cells
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| The reaction to blood antigens and xenotransplants are not __ mediated. | cell
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| __ allorecognition involves the uptake and processing of foreign HLA proteins from the donor graft. | Indirect
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| The action of the donor antigen-presenting cells activating recipient T cell is __ allorecognition. | direct
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| As with any immunogen, the transplant recipient's antigen presenting cells will present the transplanted organ's antigens to the recipient's __. | T cells
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| Effector mechanisms against the graft include cell-mediated __, DTH ADCC. | cytotoxicity
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| Besides cell-mediated cytotoxicity, effector mechanisms against the graft also include ? | DTH ADCC (delayed-type hypersensitivity antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity)
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| Many grafts contain antigen presenting cells from the __. This is part of direct allorecognition. | donor
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| Passenger APCs enter the recipient's lymphatics and stimulate the recipient's T cells to do what to the graft? | attack
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| In cases of direct allorecognition, the donor APCs may look like altered __. | self
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| Which takes longer: a 1st or 2nd set rejection? | 1st
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| How long does a first set rejection take? | 10-15 days
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| How long does a second set rejection take? | 6-8 days
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| A second set rejection occurs when a 2nd organ is transplants from the __ donor. | same
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| Preformed circulating antibodies against vascular endothelial cells of the donor may cause ? | hyperacute rejection
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| CD__ and CD__ recipient T cells attack the graft. | CD4 and CD8
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| DTH (delayed type hypersensitivity) can how long to occur? | several days
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| DTH can causes what 3 problems? | 1. vascular damage 2. decreased blood supply to graft 3. inflammation
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| DTH can be reduced with use of __ drugs. | immunosuppressive
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| 1/3 of kidneys are rejected in __ years. | 5
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| If graft is immunocompetent, then __ __ __ disease can occur. | graft versus host
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