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Immunology Last Test
Review for our last test in Immunology Chpts 14-18 DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| During blood transfusions, the relevant antigens are on the __ __ __. | red blood cells, or erythrocytes |
| There are __ of different erythrocyte antigens. | hundreds |
| What is the most common type of organ transplantation? | blood transfusions |
| We will focus on the __ system of blood groups. | ABO |
| The ABO system of RBCs is characterized by different __ __ attached to RBCs. | carbohydrate moieties |
| The ABO system of RBCs is characterized by different carbohydrate moieties attached to certain __ and __ on the RBCs. | glycoproteins and glycolipids |
| Differences between blood types are due to enzymes that add specific __ __ at the end of the carbohydrate chain of the glycoprotein or glycolipid. | terminal sugars |
| The A blood group has what at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | GalNAc (N-acetylgalactosamine) |
| The B blood group has what at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | (terminal) galactose |
| The AB blood group has what at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | GalNAc and galactose |
| What does the O blood group have at the end of the carbohydrate chain? | It doesn't have either terminal sugar at the end |
| People have naturally occurring antibodies to the terminal sugars EXCEPT for the ones their RBCs contain. What type of antibody do they develop against the sugars? | IgM |
| People develop IgM antibodies due to exposure to cross-reactive antigens from a wide variety of different __. | microorganisms |
| Why don't you develop antibodies to the antigens on your own blood cells? | immunological tolerance |
| If you have blood type A, then you have antibodies to what type of blood? | B |
| If you have blood type B, then you have antibodies to what type of blood? | A |
| If you have blood type O, then you have antibodies to what type of blood? | A and B |
| Both the donor and the recipient of a blood transfusion must be __. | compatible |
| What does Rh stand for? | Rhesus system |
| The most dramatic effect of the Rhesus system is seen in ? | hemolytic disease of the newborn |
| The Rh antigen is also known as the ? | D antigen |
| If there are D antigens on your RBCs, then they are ? | Rh + |
| Do we develop naturally occurring antibodies to the D/Rh antigen as we do with A and B? | No |
| An Rh(- or +?) recipient can receive a transfusion from an Rh (- or +?) donor once. | - receives from + |
| After someone who if Rh- receives a transfusion from someone who is Rh+, the recipient's body would make __ against the D/Rh antigen. | antibodies |
| What type of reaction do you get when you give a recipient the wrong blood type? | hemolytic |
| Which type of antibody forms against the Rh antigen after the first exposure? | IgG |
| Which kind of antibody can cross the placenta when a woman is pregnant? | IgG |
| If an Rh- woman is pregnant with a second baby that has the D antigen, what will happen? | hemolytic disease of the newborn |
| IgM works at room temperature, but IgG works best at what temperature? | 37 C |
| How many times can an Rh- recipient get a blood transfusion from someone who Rh+? | Only once |
| If an ABO blood typing test is positive, what will happen to the sample? | agglutination |
| If blood with anti-A antibodies agglutinate, then the patient has what blood type? | B |
| If blood samples with both the anti-A and anti-B agglutinate, then the patient has what blood type? | A and B |
| If neither of the blood samples agglutinate during a blood typing test, your patient has which blood type? | O |
| If the blood sample agglutinates when Rh/D is added, then the patient is RH + or -? | Rh+ |
| If blood with anti-B with anti-B antibodies agglutinate, then the patient has what blood type? | A |
| If the blood sample does NOT agglutinate when Rh/D is added, the patient has which blood type? | Rh- |
| Agglutination is determined after you have __ the RBCs. | centrifuged |
| When blood typing, the cells can't travel through the gelatin if they __. | agglutinate |
| When blood typing, the cells can travel through the gelatin if they don't __. | agglutinate |
| If the cells can't agglutinate during a blood typing test, they end up where? | bottom of the tube |
| Successful kidney transplants have been happening for about how long? | 60 years |
| Transplanted organs and tissues are called ? | grafts |
| A graft from the same individual to the same individual is called an ? | autograft |
| A graft that is from a genetically similar individual is an ? | isograft |
| A graft from a genetically different individual of the same species is an ? | allograft |
| A graft from a member of a different species is an ? | xenograft |
| What are the major components seen as foreign to the body during a transplant? | MHC and HLA |
| The HLA system is inherited per a typical __ inheritance pattern. | Mendelian |
| The offspring inherits one __ from each parent. | haplotype |
| Unless the parents are genetically similar, children are no more than __% compatible with each parent. | 50 |
| 2 offspring of the same parents have a __% chance of inheriting the same haplotypes. | 25 |
| Grafts are highly ? | vascularized |
| ABO antigens can be found on __, __ cells and __ cells. | RBCs, epithelial cells and endothelial cells |
| Sometimes, this kind of blood cell can also carry ABO antigens (from plasma). | lymphocytes |
| Are ABO-incompatible transplantations possible? | yes |
| ABO-incompatible transplantations are possible with pre-transplant __ and __ therapy to prevent new antibodies from forming. | pre-transplant plasmapheresis and Rituxan therapy |
| The immunological mechanisms of most graft rejections are __ mediated. | cell |
| Transfer of blood serum does not transfer __ immunity. | allograft |
| Transfer of __ DOES transfer allograft immunity. | T cells |
| The reaction to blood antigens and xenotransplants are not __ mediated. | cell |
| __ allorecognition involves the uptake and processing of foreign HLA proteins from the donor graft. | Indirect |
| The action of the donor antigen-presenting cells activating recipient T cell is __ allorecognition. | direct |
| As with any immunogen, the transplant recipient's antigen presenting cells will present the transplanted organ's antigens to the recipient's __. | T cells |
| Effector mechanisms against the graft include cell-mediated __, DTH ADCC. | cytotoxicity |
| Besides cell-mediated cytotoxicity, effector mechanisms against the graft also include ? | DTH ADCC (delayed-type hypersensitivity antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) |
| Many grafts contain antigen presenting cells from the __. This is part of direct allorecognition. | donor |
| Passenger APCs enter the recipient's lymphatics and stimulate the recipient's T cells to do what to the graft? | attack |
| In cases of direct allorecognition, the donor APCs may look like altered __. | self |
| Which takes longer: a 1st or 2nd set rejection? | 1st |
| How long does a first set rejection take? | 10-15 days |
| How long does a second set rejection take? | 6-8 days |
| A second set rejection occurs when a 2nd organ is transplants from the __ donor. | same |
| Preformed circulating antibodies against vascular endothelial cells of the donor may cause ? | hyperacute rejection |
| CD__ and CD__ recipient T cells attack the graft. | CD4 and CD8 |
| DTH (delayed type hypersensitivity) can how long to occur? | several days |
| DTH can causes what 3 problems? | 1. vascular damage 2. decreased blood supply to graft 3. inflammation |
| DTH can be reduced with use of __ drugs. | immunosuppressive |
| 1/3 of kidneys are rejected in __ years. | 5 |
| If graft is immunocompetent, then __ __ __ disease can occur. | graft versus host |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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