the anatomy of phonation
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| voiceless phonemes | speech sounds that are produced without the use of vocal folds i.e. /s/, /f/
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| voiced phonemes | speech sounds that are produced by action of vocal folds i.e. /z/, /v/
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| phonation (voicing) | the product of vibrating the vocal folds; occurs within the larynx, source of voicing for speech
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| respiration | source of energy for speech
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| glottis | space between the vocal folds
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| subglottal region | area below the vocal folds
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| ventricular fold | also known as the false folds
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| MBS | modified barium swallow
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| aryepiglottic fold | connects the epiglottis with the apex of the arytenoid cartilage
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| cricoid cartilage | complete ring resting atop the trachea; crikey, it's a ring! :)
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| thryoid cartilage | largest of the laryngeal cartilages, articulates with the cricoid cartliage below; able to rock back and forth at the joint, inner surface provides anterior point of attachment for vocal folds
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| thyroid notch | the vocal folds attach to the thyroid cartliage just behind this point; above the laryngeal prominenece
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| arytenoid cartilages | paired cartilages that ride on high-backed upper surface of the cricoid cartliage; for posterior point of attachment for vocal folds, pyramid shaped
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| corniculate cartilages | paired cartilages that ride on the superior surgace of each arytenoid cartliage; prominent landmarks in aryepiglottic folds
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| cuneiform cartilages | small cartilages embedded within the aryepiglotic folds; provide support for membranous laryngeal covering
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| hyoid bone | articulates with the thyroid cartilage by means of the thryoid's superior processes; located superior to larynx
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| epiglottis | leaf-like cartilage located medially to the hyoid bone; protective structure, covers orifice of the larynx during swallowing
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| valleculae | found between tongue and epiglottis, within folds arising from several ligaments; look like valleys
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| pyriform sinus | space between the fold of the aryepiglottic membrane and thyroid cartilage laterally
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| epithelium | most superficial layer of the vocal folds, an extremely thin sheet of squamous epithelium; aids in hydration of vocal folds by assisting in fluid retention
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| lamina propria | deep to epithelial layer, connective tissue that underlines mucosal epithelia throughout the body; composed of three different tissues or layers
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| thyrovocalis muscle | deep to lamina propria, 5th layer of vocal folds; medial muscle of vocal folds; tenses; draws vocal folds farther apart in front
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| arytenoid cartilage movements | rocking, gliding, rotating
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| rocking of arytenoid cartilages | brings vocal process of arytenoid cartliage together, so vocal folds are brought to midline
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| gliding of arytenoid cartilages | anterior-posterior movement; change in vocal fold length
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| rotation of arytenoid cartliages | rotates around a vertical axis through apex; for extreme positions of abduction (such as heavy breathing)
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| lateral cricoarytenoid | primary adductor; rocks arytenoid medially, pulls muscular process forward during contraction
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| transverse and oblique arytenoid | supporting adductors; bring arytenoids to midline
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| medial compression | degree of force that is applied to vocal folds at point of contact; increased medial compression = increased force of adduction ex. yelling uses high degree of medial compression
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| posterior cricoarytenoid | only abductor; pulls muscular process back; active during physical exertion
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| cricothyroid | glottal tensor; rocks thyroid cartilage forward; responsible for tensing/lengthening vocal folds for pitch change
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| thyromuscularis | relaxes vocal folds; lateral to thyrovocalis
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| aditus larygnis | entryway of larynx, marking entry to vestibule
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| vocal hyperfunction | using excessive adductory force on vocal folds, can result in laryngitis, vocal nodules, contact ulcers, or vocal polyps
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