clls- 316
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| genotype | sequence DNA that is inherited/can't see
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| phenotype | anything produced by the genotype/expressions of the genotype/can see
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| what are the antigens present on all blood cells | phenotype
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| what controls which antigens may be expressed on a cell | genotype
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| genes | carried on chromosomes located at the locus
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| how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have | 23 pairs/ 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd is the sex chromosomes
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| haploid | 1/2 of each pair of chromosomes
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| X chromosome | female
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| Y chromosome | male
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| chromosomes are made up of | DNA
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| alleles | various forms of the same gene
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| homozygous | when both chromosomes of a pair have the same gene/ 2 identical alleles
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| heterozygous | when 1 chromosome of a pair carries 1 allele and the other a differ allele/ 2 differ alleles
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| amorph | "silent gene" does not produce any obvious, easily detectable antigen
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| dosage | when an antibody reacts more strongly with a red cell antigen due to homozygous gene expression vs. heterozygous gene expression
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| gene linkage | when 2 genes are located close together on a chromosome/travel together
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| Mendelian genetics | Mendel-studied flower color, seed shape, color and appearance
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| Punnett Squares | diagrams used by scientists to help them figure out how inherited traits will be distributed
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| Mendel's first law | Law of independent segregation/independent traits inherited independently/single traits can be passed from generation to generation
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| codominance | both alleles are expressed and their gene products are seen at the phenotypic level (lab)
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| Mendel's second law | Law of independent assortment/genes for differ traits are inherited separately from each other
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| autosomal dominant inheritance | alleles are carried on any autosome/trait appears every generation/equally in males & females
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| autosomal recessive | only in homozygotes who have the recessive gene/usually skips a generation/males & females equally affected
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| X-linked inheritance | dominant & recessive/ both male & females will express x-linked trait if they carry 1 gene/ recessive by all males/ females express the recessive trait if they are homozygous for the gene
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| Immunohematology | study or science of blood group antigens and antibodies
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| blood banking | storing or banking of blood for later use
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| transfusion medicine | dealing with transfusion of the blood and blood products
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| Karl Landsteiner | discovered the ABO system
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| 2 major developments in transfusion medicine | 1.Karl Landsteiner -ABO system
2.how to prevent blood from clotting outside the body
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| immunity | host organism protects itself from attacks by both external and internal agents
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| immune response | ability of an individual to respond to a foreign substance
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| factors that affect the immune response | 1.Type of antigen 2.Amount or dose of antigen
3.Route of entry 4.Immunological condition of the host
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| What are the most common ways a person may be exposed to RBC antigens | transfusions and pregnancy
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| blood bank antigens | located on surface of RBC's/some are carbohydrate based and protrude/ others are lipoproteins and are imbedded
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| antigen | is a substance that induces the formation of antibodies
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| antibodies | immunoglobulins/in the gamma globulin portion of plasma or serum/bind foreign molecules called antigens/1 antibody reacts to 1 antigen
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| What are the most significant antibodies in blood bank testing | IgG, IgM, IgA
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| IgG | most clinically significant/reacts at body temp/capable of crossing the placenta/ capable of destroying transfused antigen pos RBC's
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| IgM | most naturally occurring/reacts at room temp/ can mask detection of more dangerous IgG antibodies during testing
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| IgA | 30% of anti-a and anti-b antibodies are IgA/ can result in anaphylaxis if present in transfused plasma products
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| complement | complex group of proteins that have a multitude of functions within the immune response: lysis of cells, bacteria, and viruses; phagocytosis; mediate inflammatory and immune response.
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| What are the pathways of complement activation | Classical, Alternate, and Lectin
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| Classical pathway | activated by the binding of antigen with IgM or IgG antibodies
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| Alternate pathway | activated by high molecular weight molecules found on the surface of foreign matter
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| Lectin pathway | activated by the attachment of mannose-binding lectin to microbes
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| Antigen-antibody reactions | "visualize" agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, hemolysis, fluorescent bonding, radioimmunoassay
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| agglutination | primary method used in blood bank
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| What are the 2 stages in the Agglutination process | 1. Sensitization 2. agglutination
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| sensitization stage | attaching the antibody to the antigen. Can't see
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| What are factors that can affect sensitization | temp, pH of the medium, incubation time, ionic strength, Ag-Ab ratio
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| agglutination stage | driving the sensitized cells together to form a lattice structure of agglutination by centrifuging. Can see
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| Zeta potential | energy between 2 charged particles
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| What is a strong positive reaction that indicates an Ag-Ab reaction has occurred | Hemolysis
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| Acrylamide gel column technology | controlled centrifugation of red cells through a dextranacrylamide gel/ single cells can get through gel (negative), clumped cant (positive)
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| solid phase adherence | used to detect & identify antigen or antibody/ consists of chemically modified microplates that are coated with antibody or red cells
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| Immunoglobulin testing | Involves detecting human immunoglobulin attached to a blood group antigen an the surface of a RBC (sensitization)
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| What is one of the most important testing methods in blood bank | Immunoglobulin testing
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| Immunoglobulin testing principle | relies on the fact that AGH found in rabbits will react with human globulin or antibody/ if it attaches to the red cell antigen, agglutination will occure
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| DAT | Direct antiglobulin testing/ in vivo antibody sensitization/ IgG antibodies
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| IAT | Indirect antiglobulin testing/ in vitro sensitization of RBC with blood group antibodies/ take RBC and add antibodies into a test tube
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