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immunology quiz 5
clls- 316
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genotype | sequence DNA that is inherited/can't see |
| phenotype | anything produced by the genotype/expressions of the genotype/can see |
| what are the antigens present on all blood cells | phenotype |
| what controls which antigens may be expressed on a cell | genotype |
| genes | carried on chromosomes located at the locus |
| how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have | 23 pairs/ 22 pairs are autosomes and the 23rd is the sex chromosomes |
| haploid | 1/2 of each pair of chromosomes |
| X chromosome | female |
| Y chromosome | male |
| chromosomes are made up of | DNA |
| alleles | various forms of the same gene |
| homozygous | when both chromosomes of a pair have the same gene/ 2 identical alleles |
| heterozygous | when 1 chromosome of a pair carries 1 allele and the other a differ allele/ 2 differ alleles |
| amorph | "silent gene" does not produce any obvious, easily detectable antigen |
| dosage | when an antibody reacts more strongly with a red cell antigen due to homozygous gene expression vs. heterozygous gene expression |
| gene linkage | when 2 genes are located close together on a chromosome/travel together |
| Mendelian genetics | Mendel-studied flower color, seed shape, color and appearance |
| Punnett Squares | diagrams used by scientists to help them figure out how inherited traits will be distributed |
| Mendel's first law | Law of independent segregation/independent traits inherited independently/single traits can be passed from generation to generation |
| codominance | both alleles are expressed and their gene products are seen at the phenotypic level (lab) |
| Mendel's second law | Law of independent assortment/genes for differ traits are inherited separately from each other |
| autosomal dominant inheritance | alleles are carried on any autosome/trait appears every generation/equally in males & females |
| autosomal recessive | only in homozygotes who have the recessive gene/usually skips a generation/males & females equally affected |
| X-linked inheritance | dominant & recessive/ both male & females will express x-linked trait if they carry 1 gene/ recessive by all males/ females express the recessive trait if they are homozygous for the gene |
| Immunohematology | study or science of blood group antigens and antibodies |
| blood banking | storing or banking of blood for later use |
| transfusion medicine | dealing with transfusion of the blood and blood products |
| Karl Landsteiner | discovered the ABO system |
| 2 major developments in transfusion medicine | 1.Karl Landsteiner -ABO system 2.how to prevent blood from clotting outside the body |
| immunity | host organism protects itself from attacks by both external and internal agents |
| immune response | ability of an individual to respond to a foreign substance |
| factors that affect the immune response | 1.Type of antigen 2.Amount or dose of antigen 3.Route of entry 4.Immunological condition of the host |
| What are the most common ways a person may be exposed to RBC antigens | transfusions and pregnancy |
| blood bank antigens | located on surface of RBC's/some are carbohydrate based and protrude/ others are lipoproteins and are imbedded |
| antigen | is a substance that induces the formation of antibodies |
| antibodies | immunoglobulins/in the gamma globulin portion of plasma or serum/bind foreign molecules called antigens/1 antibody reacts to 1 antigen |
| What are the most significant antibodies in blood bank testing | IgG, IgM, IgA |
| IgG | most clinically significant/reacts at body temp/capable of crossing the placenta/ capable of destroying transfused antigen pos RBC's |
| IgM | most naturally occurring/reacts at room temp/ can mask detection of more dangerous IgG antibodies during testing |
| IgA | 30% of anti-a and anti-b antibodies are IgA/ can result in anaphylaxis if present in transfused plasma products |
| complement | complex group of proteins that have a multitude of functions within the immune response: lysis of cells, bacteria, and viruses; phagocytosis; mediate inflammatory and immune response. |
| What are the pathways of complement activation | Classical, Alternate, and Lectin |
| Classical pathway | activated by the binding of antigen with IgM or IgG antibodies |
| Alternate pathway | activated by high molecular weight molecules found on the surface of foreign matter |
| Lectin pathway | activated by the attachment of mannose-binding lectin to microbes |
| Antigen-antibody reactions | "visualize" agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, hemolysis, fluorescent bonding, radioimmunoassay |
| agglutination | primary method used in blood bank |
| What are the 2 stages in the Agglutination process | 1. Sensitization 2. agglutination |
| sensitization stage | attaching the antibody to the antigen. Can't see |
| What are factors that can affect sensitization | temp, pH of the medium, incubation time, ionic strength, Ag-Ab ratio |
| agglutination stage | driving the sensitized cells together to form a lattice structure of agglutination by centrifuging. Can see |
| Zeta potential | energy between 2 charged particles |
| What is a strong positive reaction that indicates an Ag-Ab reaction has occurred | Hemolysis |
| Acrylamide gel column technology | controlled centrifugation of red cells through a dextranacrylamide gel/ single cells can get through gel (negative), clumped cant (positive) |
| solid phase adherence | used to detect & identify antigen or antibody/ consists of chemically modified microplates that are coated with antibody or red cells |
| Immunoglobulin testing | Involves detecting human immunoglobulin attached to a blood group antigen an the surface of a RBC (sensitization) |
| What is one of the most important testing methods in blood bank | Immunoglobulin testing |
| Immunoglobulin testing principle | relies on the fact that AGH found in rabbits will react with human globulin or antibody/ if it attaches to the red cell antigen, agglutination will occure |
| DAT | Direct antiglobulin testing/ in vivo antibody sensitization/ IgG antibodies |
| IAT | Indirect antiglobulin testing/ in vitro sensitization of RBC with blood group antibodies/ take RBC and add antibodies into a test tube |
Created by:
pamela18
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