A more advanced practice test for the next Immunology test 2, Del-Tech Owens
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| What tells the T cell receptor of an immature, double-positive T cell (positive for both CD4 and CD8) to differentiate into a single positive cell? | MHC1 (CD8) or MHC2 (CD4)
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| Where does differentiation of T cells into CD8 or CD4 positive T cells occur? | Thymus
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| What two processes select immature T cells whose receptors lack the correct antigen specificities? | Positive selects T cells whose T cell receptors recognize self-MHC proteins correctly. Negative selection allows autoreactive T cells to die.
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| What are the 2 signals needed to activate T cells? | 1. MHC/antigen complex with a T cell receptor keyed to that antigen 2. The costimulatory signal of the CD28 protein on the T cell with the B7 protein on the antigen presenting cells.
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| What is the response of a T cell to an antigen presenting cell that lacks one of the signals needed to activate a T cell? | Anergy (no reaction)
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| Which cytokine released by Th1 cells activates macrophages? | y-Interferon
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| Besides y-Interferon, what other signal can activate a macrophage? | Interaction of CD40 on macrophages with CD40L on T cells.
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| What are the major cytokines released by activated macrophages? | TNF, IL-1, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12
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| When released by macrophages, what do IL-1 and IL-8 recruit? | leukocytes
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| When released by macrophages, what does IL-6 activate? | Lymphocytes
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| When released by macrophages, what does IL-12 differentiate? | Th1 cells
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| The body needs hypersensitivity against what kind of pathogens? | intracellular (TB, Histoplasma, etc.)
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| Patients with T cell deficiencies are more vulnerable to what type of pathogens? | Mycobacterial, fungal, viral
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| Which cytokines help B cells produce antibodies? | IL-4 and IL-5
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| How do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells kill tumor or virally infected cells? | Lysis or apoptosis
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| What is the main antibody released in the early stages of a primary humoral response? | IgM
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| What immune cell kills infected cells that don't have an MHC1 protein? | NK cells
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| Which cytokine is does a similar job to GM-CSF? | IL-3
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| What chromosome has the HLA in humans? | short arm of chromosome 6
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| What antibodies can bind to C1? | IgM and IgG
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| What is the difference between IgM and IgG when binding to C1? | Several IgG antibodies are needed to bind to C1. Only one IgM antibody is needed.
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| Which is more effective at binding to C1: IgM or IgG? | IgM (only one antibody is needed)
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| What is the difference in the C3 convertase developed by the 3 pathways? | Lectin and classical C3 convertase is C4b2a. Alternative is C3bBb.
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| At what point do all 3 complement factors converge. | Some sources say C3 convertase, some say C5. For our test, it's C3.
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| What part doe C5-C9 play in the complement cascade? | Generates MAC
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| What is the most common complement factor deficiency? | C2
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| Deficiencies in C5-C9 leave patients vulnerable to what specific microbes? | Neisseria species of bacteria (Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis)
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| Name 2 molecules that cause direct opsonization. | IgG, C3b
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| Why is tolerance medically important? | It prevents autoimmune diseases
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| Selfreactive lymphocytes are eliminated by what process? | Negative selection
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| Which class of genes is most closely associated with autoimmunity? | HLA
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| What disease causes autoantibodies to form against IgG in the joints? | Rheumatoid arthritis
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| Why does agglutination occur in lab testing of blood? | Cross-linking between antigen and antibody that forms complexes that result in agglutination.
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| What type of immune response would you get from a T helper cell once it recognizes an MHC2 molecule during antigen presentation? | Humoral/B cell
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| What protein forms pores in the membrane of pathogen/immunogen once released by cytotoxic CD8 T cells? | perforin
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| What kind of genes promote growth, help regulate important cell processes, and result in oncogenes once activated? | proto-oncogenes
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| Which cytokine is used to treat hairy cell leukemia, renal cancer, hepatitis, and multiple sclerosis? | Interferon
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| Which cytokine is used to treat melanoma and renal cancer? | IL-2
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| Neutropenia triggers what cytokine? | GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor)
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| Which antibody is used to downregulate the immune reaction of various autoimmune diseases? | TNF-a (tumor necrotic factor alpha)
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| The fact that cytokines can act on several cells at once makes them ? | pleiotropic
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| Cytokines that regulate innate immunity are usually produce by ? | mononuclear phagocytes
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| What type of cell produces cytokines that regultes the adaptive immune system? | T cells
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| Cytokines made in the bone marrow and the thymus regulate what? | Hematopoieisis (proliferation or differentiation would also be true)
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| This subset of CD4 T helper cells are categorized by the cytokines they produce. They help activate macrophages to digest intracellular bacteria and protozoa. | Th1
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| This subset of CD4 T helper cells are categorized by the cytokines they produce. They activate eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. | Th2
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| These helper T cells (CD4+) are triggered by IL-12, IL-2 and their effector cytokine is interferon-y. | Th1
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| These helper T cells (CD4+) are the host immunity effectors against multicellular helminths. | Th2
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| These helper T cells (CD4+) are the host immunity effectors against intracellular bacteria and protozoa. | Th1
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| These helper T cells (CD4+)are triggered by IL-4 and their effector cytokines are IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. | Th2
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| These helper T cells (CD4+) activate IgE B cells, and IL-4/IL-5 CD4 T cells. | Th2
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| These helper T cells (C4+) activate CD8 T cells, IgG B cells, and IFN-γ CD4 T cells. | Th1
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| IL-5 from CD4 T cells (Th2) will activate eosinophils to attack ? | helminths
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| The primary partner cell of the Th1 CD4 T helper cell is the ? | macrophage
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| The primary partner cell of the Th2 CD4 T helper cell is the ? | B cell
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| Which subset of CD4+ T helper cells activates cellular immunity? | Th1 Maximizes the killing efficacy of the macrophages and the proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Also promotes the production of opsonizing antibodies
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| Which subset of CD4+ T helper cells activates humoral immunity? | Th2 stimulates B-cells into proliferation, to induce B-cell antibody class switching, and to increase neutralizing antibody production.
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| What kind of cells produce monokines? | macrophages and monocytes
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| This chemical is secreted by endothelial cells that line blood vessels to attract phagocytes when an infecton is present. | chemokines
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| This cytokine is produced by T helper cells to activate B, T, and NK cells and stimulates clonal growth. | IL-2
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| What cytokine regulates the development of regulatory T cells and is therefore important in preventing autoimmunity? | IL-2
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| What test measures cellular proliferation by T cells? | Triated thymidine uptake assay
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| A test that measures that immune response of 2 organisms by mixing white blood cells from both to see if their immune systems attack one another. | Mixed lymphocyte reaction
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| What test uses radioactive chromium to measure phagocytosis by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)? | CR51 released cytotoxicity assay
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| Macrophages produce which cytokines to stimulate inflammation while processing an antigen? | IL-1, IL-6
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| What do you call the reaction between an antigen and an antibody that was first triggered by a totally different antigen? | cross reactivity
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| When using soluble antigens to grant immunity, you might need to __ the immunization. | repeat
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| If an adjuvant binds to a molecule that isn't immunogenic, what sort of immune response will this generate? | none
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| Tetanus toxins can be treated with tetanus ? | toxoids
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| What MHC molecule is expressed on all nucleated cells? | MHC class 1
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| What MHC molecule is expressed on antigen presenting cells? | MHC class 2
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| Which MHC molecule is likely to be expressed when an antigen presenting cell has caught a virus? | MHC class 1
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| Which MHC molecule is likely to be expressed when an antigen presenting cell has caught a bacteria? | MHC class 2
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| What 3 molecules help the body's immune system to recognize antigens? | T cell receptors, antibodies, MHC
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| An immune reaction to a harmless antigen is ? | allergy/autoimmunity
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| This term describes how genetically similar two organisms are to one another. | phylogenetic relationship
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| Without a __, lipids and especially nucleic acids may never trigger an immune response. | carrier
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| What part of a vaccine may cause inflammation at the site of injection in order to improve the immune response? | adjuvant
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| What highly immunogenic molecule is thymic-dependent? | protein
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| Carbohydrates do not produce a strong __ response. | T cell
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| What adjuvant is made from mineral oil and water? | Freund's adjuvant
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| MHC is part of which immune system? | acquired
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| Which MHC molecule is needed to activate CD 4 T cells for antigen recognition? | MHC class 2
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| Which MHC molecule is associated with the cellular immune response? | class 1
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| Which MHC molecule is associated with the humoral immune response? | class 2
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| Which structures check the MHC class 2 molecules during antigen presentation and are also needed to activate the T cell? | CD4, T cell receptor
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| Which structures check the MHC class 1 molecules during antigen presentation and are also needed to activate the T cell? | CD8, T cell receptor
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| What prevents the immune system from attacks its own antigens? | self tolerance
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| What describes the highest dilution of a serum that will agglutinate a standard amount of cells? | titer
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| What kind of dilution is used to dilute a substance using the same ratio or fold? | serial dilution
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| A substance dissolved in another substance is called ? | solute
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| An inert substance used to dissolve another substance is called ? | diluent
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| The first tube in a 2 fold serial dilution is 1:2. What is the 5th tube? | 1:32
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| The first tube in a 3 fold serial dilution is 1:2. What is the 3rd tube? | 1:12
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| What do you call the enzyme that convert the next protein in a sequence into its active form? | convertase
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| Which pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes? | Classical
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| Which antibodies activate that classical pathway? | IgM, IgG
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| Which pathway is activated by lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, and trypsin-like enzymes? | Alternative
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| Which pathway combines C3 with Factors B, D, P, and then splits into C3a and C3b? | Alternative
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| Which pathway needs MBL or ficolin binding to sugars in order to activate it? | Lectin
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| C5b combines with C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form ? | MAC (membrane attack complex)
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| Fragments of complement proteins (usually the a fragments) that are released during activation and stimulate the release of histamine from mast cells, sometimes putting people into a state of shock. | Anaphylatoxins
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| Which is more important to the lectin pathway. MBL or ficolin? | Ficolin
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| Which trigger of the lectin pathway binds to carbs on the surfaces of bacterial and fungal cells and tends to be exist at higher levels in serum? | Ficolin
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| Which test measures deficiencies in the alternative pathway? | AH50 assay
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| Which test measures deficiencies in the classical pathway? | CH50 assay
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| Which protease inhibitor regulates the classical pathway by inactivating C1? | C1INH
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| CR1, also known as CD35 or Erythrocyte complement receptor 1, regulates which pathways by acting as a cofactor and by decelerating enzyme activity? | all pathways
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| What factor inhibits the alternative pathway by blocking C3b from binding to microbial cell surfaces? | Factor H
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| Which test measures the amount of patient serum required to lyse half of a standardized concentration of antibody sensitized sheep RBCs? | CH50 assay (tests classical pathway in this manner)
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| Measuring the amount of this complement in the serum gives an indication of activation through the classical or lectin pathways. What is it? | C4a
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| Measuring the amount of this complement in the serum gives an indication of activation through the alternative pathway. | Bb
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| Deficiencies in what 3 complement proteins have been linked to autoimmune disorders of connective tissues. SLE/Lupus, for example. | C1, C4, C2
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| Deficiencies in this pathway lead to increased bacterial infections in children. | Lectin
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| A deficiency of this regulatory protein can lead to hereditary angiodema (rapid swelling). | C1INH
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| A deficiency in which complement protein does the greatest harm? It effects all pathways, screws up phagocytosis, immune complex clearance, and class switching. | C3
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| This test determines the relative concentration of an antigen. The sample is placed in a well and allowed to diffuse into agar with an antiserum. The precipitation ring that forms around the well in the region of equivalence is shows the ag concentration. | Radial immunodiffusion
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| Complement can lyse gram-__ bacteria but cannot lyse gram-__ bacteria. | negative, positive
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| Complement is part of which immune system? | Innate
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| When assaying the classical pathway, which tube should you not use? | EDTA (it binds calcium)
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| What complement protein is found in both the alternative and classical pathways? | C3
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