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Immun1 Test2 Advance
A more advanced practice test for the next Immunology test 2, Del-Tech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What tells the T cell receptor of an immature, double-positive T cell (positive for both CD4 and CD8) to differentiate into a single positive cell? | MHC1 (CD8) or MHC2 (CD4) |
| Where does differentiation of T cells into CD8 or CD4 positive T cells occur? | Thymus |
| What two processes select immature T cells whose receptors lack the correct antigen specificities? | Positive selects T cells whose T cell receptors recognize self-MHC proteins correctly. Negative selection allows autoreactive T cells to die. |
| What are the 2 signals needed to activate T cells? | 1. MHC/antigen complex with a T cell receptor keyed to that antigen 2. The costimulatory signal of the CD28 protein on the T cell with the B7 protein on the antigen presenting cells. |
| What is the response of a T cell to an antigen presenting cell that lacks one of the signals needed to activate a T cell? | Anergy (no reaction) |
| Which cytokine released by Th1 cells activates macrophages? | y-Interferon |
| Besides y-Interferon, what other signal can activate a macrophage? | Interaction of CD40 on macrophages with CD40L on T cells. |
| What are the major cytokines released by activated macrophages? | TNF, IL-1, IL-8, IL-6, IL-12 |
| When released by macrophages, what do IL-1 and IL-8 recruit? | leukocytes |
| When released by macrophages, what does IL-6 activate? | Lymphocytes |
| When released by macrophages, what does IL-12 differentiate? | Th1 cells |
| The body needs hypersensitivity against what kind of pathogens? | intracellular (TB, Histoplasma, etc.) |
| Patients with T cell deficiencies are more vulnerable to what type of pathogens? | Mycobacterial, fungal, viral |
| Which cytokines help B cells produce antibodies? | IL-4 and IL-5 |
| How do CD8+ cytotoxic T cells kill tumor or virally infected cells? | Lysis or apoptosis |
| What is the main antibody released in the early stages of a primary humoral response? | IgM |
| What immune cell kills infected cells that don't have an MHC1 protein? | NK cells |
| Which cytokine is does a similar job to GM-CSF? | IL-3 |
| What chromosome has the HLA in humans? | short arm of chromosome 6 |
| What antibodies can bind to C1? | IgM and IgG |
| What is the difference between IgM and IgG when binding to C1? | Several IgG antibodies are needed to bind to C1. Only one IgM antibody is needed. |
| Which is more effective at binding to C1: IgM or IgG? | IgM (only one antibody is needed) |
| What is the difference in the C3 convertase developed by the 3 pathways? | Lectin and classical C3 convertase is C4b2a. Alternative is C3bBb. |
| At what point do all 3 complement factors converge. | Some sources say C3 convertase, some say C5. For our test, it's C3. |
| What part doe C5-C9 play in the complement cascade? | Generates MAC |
| What is the most common complement factor deficiency? | C2 |
| Deficiencies in C5-C9 leave patients vulnerable to what specific microbes? | Neisseria species of bacteria (Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitidis) |
| Name 2 molecules that cause direct opsonization. | IgG, C3b |
| Why is tolerance medically important? | It prevents autoimmune diseases |
| Selfreactive lymphocytes are eliminated by what process? | Negative selection |
| Which class of genes is most closely associated with autoimmunity? | HLA |
| What disease causes autoantibodies to form against IgG in the joints? | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| Why does agglutination occur in lab testing of blood? | Cross-linking between antigen and antibody that forms complexes that result in agglutination. |
| What type of immune response would you get from a T helper cell once it recognizes an MHC2 molecule during antigen presentation? | Humoral/B cell |
| What protein forms pores in the membrane of pathogen/immunogen once released by cytotoxic CD8 T cells? | perforin |
| What kind of genes promote growth, help regulate important cell processes, and result in oncogenes once activated? | proto-oncogenes |
| Which cytokine is used to treat hairy cell leukemia, renal cancer, hepatitis, and multiple sclerosis? | Interferon |
| Which cytokine is used to treat melanoma and renal cancer? | IL-2 |
| Neutropenia triggers what cytokine? | GM-CSF (granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor) |
| Which antibody is used to downregulate the immune reaction of various autoimmune diseases? | TNF-a (tumor necrotic factor alpha) |
| The fact that cytokines can act on several cells at once makes them ? | pleiotropic |
| Cytokines that regulate innate immunity are usually produce by ? | mononuclear phagocytes |
| What type of cell produces cytokines that regultes the adaptive immune system? | T cells |
| Cytokines made in the bone marrow and the thymus regulate what? | Hematopoieisis (proliferation or differentiation would also be true) |
| This subset of CD4 T helper cells are categorized by the cytokines they produce. They help activate macrophages to digest intracellular bacteria and protozoa. | Th1 |
| This subset of CD4 T helper cells are categorized by the cytokines they produce. They activate eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. | Th2 |
| These helper T cells (CD4+) are triggered by IL-12, IL-2 and their effector cytokine is interferon-y. | Th1 |
| These helper T cells (CD4+) are the host immunity effectors against multicellular helminths. | Th2 |
| These helper T cells (CD4+) are the host immunity effectors against intracellular bacteria and protozoa. | Th1 |
| These helper T cells (CD4+)are triggered by IL-4 and their effector cytokines are IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. | Th2 |
| These helper T cells (CD4+) activate IgE B cells, and IL-4/IL-5 CD4 T cells. | Th2 |
| These helper T cells (C4+) activate CD8 T cells, IgG B cells, and IFN-γ CD4 T cells. | Th1 |
| IL-5 from CD4 T cells (Th2) will activate eosinophils to attack ? | helminths |
| The primary partner cell of the Th1 CD4 T helper cell is the ? | macrophage |
| The primary partner cell of the Th2 CD4 T helper cell is the ? | B cell |
| Which subset of CD4+ T helper cells activates cellular immunity? | Th1 Maximizes the killing efficacy of the macrophages and the proliferation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Also promotes the production of opsonizing antibodies |
| Which subset of CD4+ T helper cells activates humoral immunity? | Th2 stimulates B-cells into proliferation, to induce B-cell antibody class switching, and to increase neutralizing antibody production. |
| What kind of cells produce monokines? | macrophages and monocytes |
| This chemical is secreted by endothelial cells that line blood vessels to attract phagocytes when an infecton is present. | chemokines |
| This cytokine is produced by T helper cells to activate B, T, and NK cells and stimulates clonal growth. | IL-2 |
| What cytokine regulates the development of regulatory T cells and is therefore important in preventing autoimmunity? | IL-2 |
| What test measures cellular proliferation by T cells? | Triated thymidine uptake assay |
| A test that measures that immune response of 2 organisms by mixing white blood cells from both to see if their immune systems attack one another. | Mixed lymphocyte reaction |
| What test uses radioactive chromium to measure phagocytosis by cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)? | CR51 released cytotoxicity assay |
| Macrophages produce which cytokines to stimulate inflammation while processing an antigen? | IL-1, IL-6 |
| What do you call the reaction between an antigen and an antibody that was first triggered by a totally different antigen? | cross reactivity |
| When using soluble antigens to grant immunity, you might need to __ the immunization. | repeat |
| If an adjuvant binds to a molecule that isn't immunogenic, what sort of immune response will this generate? | none |
| Tetanus toxins can be treated with tetanus ? | toxoids |
| What MHC molecule is expressed on all nucleated cells? | MHC class 1 |
| What MHC molecule is expressed on antigen presenting cells? | MHC class 2 |
| Which MHC molecule is likely to be expressed when an antigen presenting cell has caught a virus? | MHC class 1 |
| Which MHC molecule is likely to be expressed when an antigen presenting cell has caught a bacteria? | MHC class 2 |
| What 3 molecules help the body's immune system to recognize antigens? | T cell receptors, antibodies, MHC |
| An immune reaction to a harmless antigen is ? | allergy/autoimmunity |
| This term describes how genetically similar two organisms are to one another. | phylogenetic relationship |
| Without a __, lipids and especially nucleic acids may never trigger an immune response. | carrier |
| What part of a vaccine may cause inflammation at the site of injection in order to improve the immune response? | adjuvant |
| What highly immunogenic molecule is thymic-dependent? | protein |
| Carbohydrates do not produce a strong __ response. | T cell |
| What adjuvant is made from mineral oil and water? | Freund's adjuvant |
| MHC is part of which immune system? | acquired |
| Which MHC molecule is needed to activate CD 4 T cells for antigen recognition? | MHC class 2 |
| Which MHC molecule is associated with the cellular immune response? | class 1 |
| Which MHC molecule is associated with the humoral immune response? | class 2 |
| Which structures check the MHC class 2 molecules during antigen presentation and are also needed to activate the T cell? | CD4, T cell receptor |
| Which structures check the MHC class 1 molecules during antigen presentation and are also needed to activate the T cell? | CD8, T cell receptor |
| What prevents the immune system from attacks its own antigens? | self tolerance |
| What describes the highest dilution of a serum that will agglutinate a standard amount of cells? | titer |
| What kind of dilution is used to dilute a substance using the same ratio or fold? | serial dilution |
| A substance dissolved in another substance is called ? | solute |
| An inert substance used to dissolve another substance is called ? | diluent |
| The first tube in a 2 fold serial dilution is 1:2. What is the 5th tube? | 1:32 |
| The first tube in a 3 fold serial dilution is 1:2. What is the 3rd tube? | 1:12 |
| What do you call the enzyme that convert the next protein in a sequence into its active form? | convertase |
| Which pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes? | Classical |
| Which antibodies activate that classical pathway? | IgM, IgG |
| Which pathway is activated by lipopolysaccharides, polysaccharides, and trypsin-like enzymes? | Alternative |
| Which pathway combines C3 with Factors B, D, P, and then splits into C3a and C3b? | Alternative |
| Which pathway needs MBL or ficolin binding to sugars in order to activate it? | Lectin |
| C5b combines with C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form ? | MAC (membrane attack complex) |
| Fragments of complement proteins (usually the a fragments) that are released during activation and stimulate the release of histamine from mast cells, sometimes putting people into a state of shock. | Anaphylatoxins |
| Which is more important to the lectin pathway. MBL or ficolin? | Ficolin |
| Which trigger of the lectin pathway binds to carbs on the surfaces of bacterial and fungal cells and tends to be exist at higher levels in serum? | Ficolin |
| Which test measures deficiencies in the alternative pathway? | AH50 assay |
| Which test measures deficiencies in the classical pathway? | CH50 assay |
| Which protease inhibitor regulates the classical pathway by inactivating C1? | C1INH |
| CR1, also known as CD35 or Erythrocyte complement receptor 1, regulates which pathways by acting as a cofactor and by decelerating enzyme activity? | all pathways |
| What factor inhibits the alternative pathway by blocking C3b from binding to microbial cell surfaces? | Factor H |
| Which test measures the amount of patient serum required to lyse half of a standardized concentration of antibody sensitized sheep RBCs? | CH50 assay (tests classical pathway in this manner) |
| Measuring the amount of this complement in the serum gives an indication of activation through the classical or lectin pathways. What is it? | C4a |
| Measuring the amount of this complement in the serum gives an indication of activation through the alternative pathway. | Bb |
| Deficiencies in what 3 complement proteins have been linked to autoimmune disorders of connective tissues. SLE/Lupus, for example. | C1, C4, C2 |
| Deficiencies in this pathway lead to increased bacterial infections in children. | Lectin |
| A deficiency of this regulatory protein can lead to hereditary angiodema (rapid swelling). | C1INH |
| A deficiency in which complement protein does the greatest harm? It effects all pathways, screws up phagocytosis, immune complex clearance, and class switching. | C3 |
| This test determines the relative concentration of an antigen. The sample is placed in a well and allowed to diffuse into agar with an antiserum. The precipitation ring that forms around the well in the region of equivalence is shows the ag concentration. | Radial immunodiffusion |
| Complement can lyse gram-__ bacteria but cannot lyse gram-__ bacteria. | negative, positive |
| Complement is part of which immune system? | Innate |
| When assaying the classical pathway, which tube should you not use? | EDTA (it binds calcium) |
| What complement protein is found in both the alternative and classical pathways? | C3 |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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