Practice for Immunology test 2 for Del-Tech Owens
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| The ability of a substance, like an antigen or an epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body is called ? | immunogenicity
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| What are the 3 basic ways that the immune system uses to recognize antigens? | 1. antibodies 2. T-cell receptors 3. produces of MHC
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| What are 3 characteristics that determine immunogenicity? | 1. foreignness 2. molecular size 3. chemical complexity
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| The method of __ to the body matters in immunogencity. | introduction or entry
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| Some chemicals can serve as immune adjuvants that can __ the immunogencity of a particle. | increase (that's what adjuvants do in this context)
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| Foreignness refers to the __ relationship between the host and the antigen. | phylogenetic
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| The more phylogenetically different the particle is, the __ the immune response. | better or greater
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| An antigen that is actually part of the body is called an ? | autoantigen
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| An antigen that is similar to the cells of the host, such as those from another member of the same species, are called ? | alloantigens
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| Antigens that belong to another species are called ? | heteroantigens
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| When testing for antibodies, be careful of __-reactivity. | cross
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| A reaction that occurs in blood testing when a disease agent reacts to the specific antibody for another (but similar) disease agent is called ? | cross-reaction
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| Larger antigens have __ immunogenicity. | stronger
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| Small compounds that are too small to stimulate an immune response on their own are called ? | haptens
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| A larger molecule that has bound to a hapten (allowing it to be detected by the immune system) is called a ? | carrier molecule
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| __ are the most immunogenic molecules. | Proteins
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| Carbohydrates are __ immunogenic than proteins. | less
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| Lipids and nucleic acids usually aren't immunogenic unless they are __ linked to an immunogenic carrier. | covalently
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| Nucleic acids are __ immunogenic than lipids. | less
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| An immunogen is an __ that produces an immune response. | antigen
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| Adjuvants in vaccines can stimulate a localized __ reaction at the site of an injection to increase the immune response. | inflammatory
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| Vaccines can release their antigens __ to increase the immune response. | slowly
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| Good vaccine adjuvants will recruit __ and __ cells for better uptake of the antigen. | phagocytic and inflammatory
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| __ salts are sometimes used as vaccine adjuvants. | Aluminum
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| __ oil is sometimes used as an adjuvant in vaccines. | Mineral
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| Lipids and nucleic acids usually aren't immunogenic unless they are covalently linked to an __ __. | immunogenic carrier
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| Which kind of epitopes are related to the amino acid sequence of an antigen? | linear epitopes
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| Which kind of epitopes are related to the antigen's 3 dimensional structure? | conformational epitopes
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| An antibody-producing cell __ synthesizes antibodies that recognize a specific antigenic determinant. | clone
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| Epitopes may be shared by different __. | antigens
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| When your immune system reacts to the epitope of a new pathogen that is similar to the epitope of a pathogen you have encountered before, this is called __-reactivity. | cross
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| There are 3 classes of MHC molecule. Which 2 play a role in immune responses? | Class 1 and 2
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| Which class of MHC molecule encodes for cytokines, complement, and heat shock proteins? | Class 3
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| All nucleated cells express MHC class ? | 1
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| Another word or phrase for MHC molecules is ? | HLA (human leukocyte antigens)
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| MHC haplotypes are highly __. | polymorphic
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| MHCs are __ from our parents. | inherited
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| MHCs are __-dominantly expressed. | co-
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| You will inherit 2 of the total __ MHCs possessed by your parents. | 4
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| Class 1 MHC molecules are involved in antigen presentation of __ antigens. | endogenous (those INSIDE an infected cell)
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| Class 1 MHC molecules are expressed by what 3 regions of the MHC? | A, B, C
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| When an antigen presenting cell is infected, it will present which MHC molecule to local T-cells? | Class 1
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| Which kind of T-cell reacts when an MHC class 1 molecule is presented? | Cytotoxic T cell
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| Which kind of MHC molecule is normally expressed on antigen presenting cells? | Class 2
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| MHC class 2 molecules are encoded by what regions? | DR,DP, DQ
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| MHC class 2 molecules recognize __ angtigens. | exogenous (those OUTSIDE the infected cell)
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| Which kind of T-cell reacts when an MHC class 2 molecule is presented? | Helper T cell
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| Infected cells present to cytotoxic T cells with MHC class 1 molecules so they can be ? | destroyed: MHC class 1 presentation tells the T cell that the APC is infected and so it must be destroyed
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| MHC class 1 molecules have 3 __ domains and 1 __ __ molecule. | a domains, 1 beta-2 microglubulin molecule
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| MHC class 2 molecules have 2 __ domains and 2 __ domains. | 2 a domains and 2 beta domains
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| How do T-cells recognize antigen epitopes? | T-cell receptors
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| T-cell receptors are made of 2 __ covalently linked by a single disulfide bond. | heterodimers
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| T cell co-receptors express CD__. | 3
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| The CD3 co-receptor on a T cell signals and __ the cell after antigen presentation. | activates
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| All T cells express MHC class __. | 1
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| Humoral B cells express MHC class __. | 2
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| T cell receptors only exist on the T cell's __. | surface
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| T-cell receptors are made of 2 heterodimers linked __ by a single disulfide bond. | covalently
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| T cell receptors have a higher __ diversity than antibodies. | V-J
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| WBCs tend to present __ immunogens to T cells. | strong
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| What are the 4 steps to antigen presentation? | 1. APC binds to the antigen 2. APC internalizes the antigen 3. APC processes the antigen 4. APC presents the antigen with MHC 1 or 2 molecule
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| Cytotoxic T cells present CD__. | 8
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| T-cell receptors are made of 2 heterodimers covalently linked by a single __ bond. | disulfide
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| T helper cells present CD__. | 4
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| Class 1 MHC molecules come from __ the cell. | inside
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| Class 2 MHC molecules come from __ the cell. | outside
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| What kind of cells have MHC class 2 molecules on their surface? | antigen presenting cells
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| Where does the T cell put the MHC molecule once it receives it from the antigen presenting cell? | Golgi compartment
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| Class 2 MHCs are complexed to the __ __. | invariant chain (Ii)
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| Class 1 MHC molecules bind antigenic peptides in the __ __. | endoplasmic reticulum
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| Class 2 MHC molecules move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the __ __. | endosomal or lysosomal compartment
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| Before antigen presentation, the invariant chain complexed with the MHC 2 molecule is __. | removed
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| What cytokine released by activated T cells causes an increase in the number of MHC class 2 molecules? | interferon-y
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| Name 6 kinds of antigen presenting cells. | 1. B cells 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells 4. fibroblasts 5. thymic epithelial cells 6. vascular endothelial cells
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| What kind of "professional" antigen presenting cell is the best? | dendritic
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| B cells recognize angtigens via surface ? | antibodies or immunoglobulins
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| Regulatory T cells express which CDs? | 25+ and usually CD4
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| Not responding to a specific antigen is known as __ __. | immunological tolerance
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| Immunological tolerance can be induced by ? | prior exposure to the antigen
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| What is a common example of immunological tolerance? | Baby in utero
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| What can block IgE from attaching to allergens? | IgG
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| If thymocytes (immature T cells) recognize self MHC molecules, they will __ and __. | survive and proliferate
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| If thymocytes (immature T cells) do not recognize self MHC molecules, they will __ of neglect. | die
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| The theory of __ __ says that thymocytes will live or die depending on their ability to recognize self MHC molecules. | positive selection
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| If a thymocyte can recognize MHC class 1 molecules, it will become a ? | CD8+ cytotoxic T cell
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| If a thymocyte can recognize MHC class 2 molecules, it will become a ? | CD4+ T helper cell
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| CD4 T cells __ the immune response. | augment or enhance
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| CD8 T cells __ antigens. | attack of phagocytize
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| Antigen presenting cells express antigen peptides/epitopes in the __ on the surface of the MHC class 2 moleculre. | cleft
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| T cells enter secondary lymphatic tissues via high __ __. | endothelial venules
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| Antigen presentation takes place in __ __ organs. | secondary lymphatic
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Created by:
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