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Immunology Test2 Pra
Practice for Immunology test 2 for Del-Tech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The ability of a substance, like an antigen or an epitope, to provoke an immune response in the body is called ? | immunogenicity |
| What are the 3 basic ways that the immune system uses to recognize antigens? | 1. antibodies 2. T-cell receptors 3. produces of MHC |
| What are 3 characteristics that determine immunogenicity? | 1. foreignness 2. molecular size 3. chemical complexity |
| The method of __ to the body matters in immunogencity. | introduction or entry |
| Some chemicals can serve as immune adjuvants that can __ the immunogencity of a particle. | increase (that's what adjuvants do in this context) |
| Foreignness refers to the __ relationship between the host and the antigen. | phylogenetic |
| The more phylogenetically different the particle is, the __ the immune response. | better or greater |
| An antigen that is actually part of the body is called an ? | autoantigen |
| An antigen that is similar to the cells of the host, such as those from another member of the same species, are called ? | alloantigens |
| Antigens that belong to another species are called ? | heteroantigens |
| When testing for antibodies, be careful of __-reactivity. | cross |
| A reaction that occurs in blood testing when a disease agent reacts to the specific antibody for another (but similar) disease agent is called ? | cross-reaction |
| Larger antigens have __ immunogenicity. | stronger |
| Small compounds that are too small to stimulate an immune response on their own are called ? | haptens |
| A larger molecule that has bound to a hapten (allowing it to be detected by the immune system) is called a ? | carrier molecule |
| __ are the most immunogenic molecules. | Proteins |
| Carbohydrates are __ immunogenic than proteins. | less |
| Lipids and nucleic acids usually aren't immunogenic unless they are __ linked to an immunogenic carrier. | covalently |
| Nucleic acids are __ immunogenic than lipids. | less |
| An immunogen is an __ that produces an immune response. | antigen |
| Adjuvants in vaccines can stimulate a localized __ reaction at the site of an injection to increase the immune response. | inflammatory |
| Vaccines can release their antigens __ to increase the immune response. | slowly |
| Good vaccine adjuvants will recruit __ and __ cells for better uptake of the antigen. | phagocytic and inflammatory |
| __ salts are sometimes used as vaccine adjuvants. | Aluminum |
| __ oil is sometimes used as an adjuvant in vaccines. | Mineral |
| Lipids and nucleic acids usually aren't immunogenic unless they are covalently linked to an __ __. | immunogenic carrier |
| Which kind of epitopes are related to the amino acid sequence of an antigen? | linear epitopes |
| Which kind of epitopes are related to the antigen's 3 dimensional structure? | conformational epitopes |
| An antibody-producing cell __ synthesizes antibodies that recognize a specific antigenic determinant. | clone |
| Epitopes may be shared by different __. | antigens |
| When your immune system reacts to the epitope of a new pathogen that is similar to the epitope of a pathogen you have encountered before, this is called __-reactivity. | cross |
| There are 3 classes of MHC molecule. Which 2 play a role in immune responses? | Class 1 and 2 |
| Which class of MHC molecule encodes for cytokines, complement, and heat shock proteins? | Class 3 |
| All nucleated cells express MHC class ? | 1 |
| Another word or phrase for MHC molecules is ? | HLA (human leukocyte antigens) |
| MHC haplotypes are highly __. | polymorphic |
| MHCs are __ from our parents. | inherited |
| MHCs are __-dominantly expressed. | co- |
| You will inherit 2 of the total __ MHCs possessed by your parents. | 4 |
| Class 1 MHC molecules are involved in antigen presentation of __ antigens. | endogenous (those INSIDE an infected cell) |
| Class 1 MHC molecules are expressed by what 3 regions of the MHC? | A, B, C |
| When an antigen presenting cell is infected, it will present which MHC molecule to local T-cells? | Class 1 |
| Which kind of T-cell reacts when an MHC class 1 molecule is presented? | Cytotoxic T cell |
| Which kind of MHC molecule is normally expressed on antigen presenting cells? | Class 2 |
| MHC class 2 molecules are encoded by what regions? | DR,DP, DQ |
| MHC class 2 molecules recognize __ angtigens. | exogenous (those OUTSIDE the infected cell) |
| Which kind of T-cell reacts when an MHC class 2 molecule is presented? | Helper T cell |
| Infected cells present to cytotoxic T cells with MHC class 1 molecules so they can be ? | destroyed: MHC class 1 presentation tells the T cell that the APC is infected and so it must be destroyed |
| MHC class 1 molecules have 3 __ domains and 1 __ __ molecule. | a domains, 1 beta-2 microglubulin molecule |
| MHC class 2 molecules have 2 __ domains and 2 __ domains. | 2 a domains and 2 beta domains |
| How do T-cells recognize antigen epitopes? | T-cell receptors |
| T-cell receptors are made of 2 __ covalently linked by a single disulfide bond. | heterodimers |
| T cell co-receptors express CD__. | 3 |
| The CD3 co-receptor on a T cell signals and __ the cell after antigen presentation. | activates |
| All T cells express MHC class __. | 1 |
| Humoral B cells express MHC class __. | 2 |
| T cell receptors only exist on the T cell's __. | surface |
| T-cell receptors are made of 2 heterodimers linked __ by a single disulfide bond. | covalently |
| T cell receptors have a higher __ diversity than antibodies. | V-J |
| WBCs tend to present __ immunogens to T cells. | strong |
| What are the 4 steps to antigen presentation? | 1. APC binds to the antigen 2. APC internalizes the antigen 3. APC processes the antigen 4. APC presents the antigen with MHC 1 or 2 molecule |
| Cytotoxic T cells present CD__. | 8 |
| T-cell receptors are made of 2 heterodimers covalently linked by a single __ bond. | disulfide |
| T helper cells present CD__. | 4 |
| Class 1 MHC molecules come from __ the cell. | inside |
| Class 2 MHC molecules come from __ the cell. | outside |
| What kind of cells have MHC class 2 molecules on their surface? | antigen presenting cells |
| Where does the T cell put the MHC molecule once it receives it from the antigen presenting cell? | Golgi compartment |
| Class 2 MHCs are complexed to the __ __. | invariant chain (Ii) |
| Class 1 MHC molecules bind antigenic peptides in the __ __. | endoplasmic reticulum |
| Class 2 MHC molecules move from the endoplasmic reticulum to the __ __. | endosomal or lysosomal compartment |
| Before antigen presentation, the invariant chain complexed with the MHC 2 molecule is __. | removed |
| What cytokine released by activated T cells causes an increase in the number of MHC class 2 molecules? | interferon-y |
| Name 6 kinds of antigen presenting cells. | 1. B cells 2. macrophages 3. dendritic cells 4. fibroblasts 5. thymic epithelial cells 6. vascular endothelial cells |
| What kind of "professional" antigen presenting cell is the best? | dendritic |
| B cells recognize angtigens via surface ? | antibodies or immunoglobulins |
| Regulatory T cells express which CDs? | 25+ and usually CD4 |
| Not responding to a specific antigen is known as __ __. | immunological tolerance |
| Immunological tolerance can be induced by ? | prior exposure to the antigen |
| What is a common example of immunological tolerance? | Baby in utero |
| What can block IgE from attaching to allergens? | IgG |
| If thymocytes (immature T cells) recognize self MHC molecules, they will __ and __. | survive and proliferate |
| If thymocytes (immature T cells) do not recognize self MHC molecules, they will __ of neglect. | die |
| The theory of __ __ says that thymocytes will live or die depending on their ability to recognize self MHC molecules. | positive selection |
| If a thymocyte can recognize MHC class 1 molecules, it will become a ? | CD8+ cytotoxic T cell |
| If a thymocyte can recognize MHC class 2 molecules, it will become a ? | CD4+ T helper cell |
| CD4 T cells __ the immune response. | augment or enhance |
| CD8 T cells __ antigens. | attack of phagocytize |
| Antigen presenting cells express antigen peptides/epitopes in the __ on the surface of the MHC class 2 moleculre. | cleft |
| T cells enter secondary lymphatic tissues via high __ __. | endothelial venules |
| Antigen presentation takes place in __ __ organs. | secondary lymphatic |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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