Practice test for Microbiology 1, test 2, after Review Topics sent, for DelTech
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) requires energy? | active
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in endocytosis? | active
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in osmosis? | passive
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) goes "down the gradient?" | passive
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in solute pumping? | active
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in diffusion? | passive
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in exocytosis? | active
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| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) requires no energy? | passive
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| Exocytosis is the __ of endocytosis. | opposite
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| What is pinocytosis? | enveloping of a liquid
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| What actions taken by chlorine and iodine kill microbes? | alters protein structure
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| What 3 actions taken by phenolics kill microbes? | 1. disrupt cell membranes + walls 2. precipitate proteins 3. inactivate enzymes
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| What actions taken by chlorhexidine kill microbes? | targets membranes + protein structure
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| What actions taken by alcohol kill microbes? | dissolves membrane lipids and coagulates proteins
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| What concentration of alcohol is ideal when using as an antiseptic? | 70%
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| What concentration of alcohol works best when using it as a disinfectant? | 50%
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| Hydrogen peroxide is __ to microbes. | toxic
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| It's better to use hydrogen peroxide on inanimate object than on __ __ unless the site is dirty. | open wounds
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| What 3 actions taken by aldehydes kill microbes? | 1. link to nucleic acids and amino acids 2. membrane protein crosslinking 3. disrupt enzyme activity
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| How do antimicrobial gases affect microbes? | Target DNA and protein structures
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| How do detergents affect microbes? | By disrupting cell membranes
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| How do soaps affect microbes? | Degerming - they remove the microbes
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| How do heavy metal compounds, like zinc, affect microbes? | Inactivating cell proteins
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| Iodine acts by inhibiting protein function of microbes. But what kinds of microbes is it effective against? | bacteria, fungi, some viruses, many endospores
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| In what 2 ways is iodine available? | 1. tincture 2. iodophor
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| A tincture of iodine is a mix of iodine and ? | alcohol
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| An iodophor of iodine is a mix of iodine and ? | an organic molecule that releases the iodine slowly
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| What is the main use of iodine? | skin disinfectant and wound treatment
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| If you are allergic to __, you might be allergic to iodine. | fish (shrimp and shellfish don't count)
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| What 2 chemical agents are considered to be halogens? | iodine and chlorine
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| What are the 3 kinds of chlorine compounds in use? | 1. calcium hypochlorite 2. sodium hypochlorite 3. chloramines
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| Which is the strongest chlorine compound? | calcium hypochlorite
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| Calcium hypochlorite is used to disinfect what 3 things? | 1. dairies 2. slaughterhouses 3. eating utensils
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| Which kind of hypochlorite is used with bleach in the home? | sodium hypochlorite
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| Which kind of chloride is used with ammonia in municipal water systems? | chloramines
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| Who first used phenol (carbolic acid) to sterilize hands and instruments before surgery? | Joseph Lister
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| Who is the father of chemotherapy? | Paul Ehrlich
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| Who discovered penicillin? | Alexander Fleming
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| Who discovered Salvarsan, the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis? | Paul Ehrlich
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| What class of antimicrobial agents is derived from phenol? | phenolics
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| How do phenolics affect microbes (3 ways)? | 1. damages plasma membranes 2. inactivates enzymes 3. denatures proteins
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| Phenolics are suitable for disinfecting body excretions, like ? | feces, pus, saliva
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| What is the main ingredient in Lysol? | O-phenylphenol
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| What phenolic antimicrobial agent is effective against Strep and Staph infections? | hexachlorophene
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| What coefficient is used to measure the effectiveness of disinfectants? | phenol coefficient
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| Alchohols kill bacteria and fungi, but are ineffective against ? | endospores and nonenveloped viruses
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| Why shouldn't alcohols be used on wounds? | They cause a layer of protein to coagulate in the wound. Bacteria can grow under this layer.
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| The group of antimicrobial agents called surfactants includes ? | soap and detergents
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| Some soaps and detergents have additives like __ that strongly inhibit gram + bacteria. | triclocarban
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| What 4 heavy metals can be germicidal or even antiseptic? | silver, copper, mercury, zinc
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| A 1% solution of __ __ (metal) is bacterialcidal for most organisms. | silver nitrate
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| 1% silver nitrate is used for __ eye infections in newborns. | gonorrheal
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| Copper sulfate is used to destroy ? | algae
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| If mercuric chloride (also called mercure chrome) is washed away, bacteria will resume ? | growing
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| __ __ is a common ingredient in mouth washes. | Zinc chloride
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| __ __ is used as an antifungal in paints. | Zinc oxide
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| Aldehydes like formaldehyde are carcinogenic and used for __ corpses. | embalming
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| Gluteraldehyde is bactericidal and virucidal in __ mins. | 10
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| Gluteraldehyde is sporicidal after how long an exposure? | 3-10 hours
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| What gaseous chemosterilizer is used in gas chambers? | ethylene oxide
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| Gaseous chemosterilizers work by __ cell proteins. | denaturing
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| Gaseous chemosterilizers kill all __ and __. | microbes and endospores
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| What kind of organic acid inhibits mold growth in acidic foods like cheese? | sorbic acid
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| What kind of organic acid works as an antifungal, is effective at low pH levels, and is widely used in soft drinks? | Benzoic acid
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| Why are parabens (a class of organic acid derivatives) used in cosmetics and shampoos? | they inhibit mold growth
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| Parabens are derivatives of a specific organic acid, but parabens work at a neutral pH. What are they derived from? | Benzoic acid
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| What kind of relationship between 2 organisms is obligatory dependent, where both members benefit? | mutualism
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| If one organism depends upon another and benefits, while the other organism is not harmed, this is called ? | commensalism
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| A relationship between 2 organisms where neither member benefits or is harmed is called ? | neutralism
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| When one organism depends on the other while also harming that other organism, this is called ? | parasitism
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| A nonsymbiotic relationship where organisms cooperate and share nutrients is called ? | synergism
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| A nonsymbiotic relationship where organisms try to inhibit or destroy one another is called ? | antagonism
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| Barnacles on a whale is what kind of relationship? | commensal
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| When a wasp lays its eggs in a caterpillar so the babies can devour the caterpillar, what kind of relationship is this? | parasitic
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| When bacteria in a petri dish produce penicillin to destroy another colony of bacteria in the same dish, this is an example of ? | antagonism
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| When saprophytes (like mushrooms) and bacteria break down dead leaves in the same forest, this is an example of ? | synergism
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| When a honeybee drinks from a flower and spreads its pollen after it leaves, this is what kind of relationship? | mutualism
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| Demodex mites in human hair do not harm us. But the mites benefit. What kind of relationship is this? | commensal
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| When you remove/destroy ALL viable microbes and endospores, this is called ? | sterilization
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| When you remove pathogens ONLY from a nonliving surface but risk leaving endospores behind, this is called ? | disinfection
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| When you remove pathogens ONLY from living tissues but risk leaving endospores behind, this is called ? | antisepsis
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| When microbes, toxins, and debris are reduced to a level that is safe for the public, this is called ? | sanitation
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| When a chemical agent inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them, the chemical is ? | bacteriostatic
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| If a bacteriostatic agent is removed from a surface, what will happen to the bacteria present there? | growth resumes
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| The absence of pathogens from an object or area is a condition known as ? | asepsis
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| Techniques designed to prevent entry of pathogens into the body are known as ? | aseptic techniques
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| An aseptic technique designed to exclude all microbes is known as ? | surgical asepsis
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| An aseptic technique designed to exclude microbes associated with communicable diseases is called ? | medical asepsis
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| What 6 methods are employed by hospitals to achieve asepsis? | 1. air filtration 2. UV light 3. masks 4. gloves 5. gowns 6. instrument sterilization
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| The removal of transient microbes from skin by mechanical cleansing or use of an antiseptic is called ? | degerming
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| The reduction of pathogens on eating utensils to safe levels by mechanical or chemical cleansing is called ? | santization
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| What temperature must a bacti incinerator reach to be effective? | 974F
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| Hydrogen peroxide is an __ agent. | oxidizing
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| QUATS is short for ? | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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| What will QUATS kill? | bacteria, fungi, amoeba, enveloped viruses
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| What are QUATS ineffective against? | endospores and tuberculosis bacteria
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| What's the name of 2 QUATS? | Zephiran and Cepacol
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| Aside from TB, what's another pathogen that can survive QUATS exposure and even grow during exposure? | Pseudomonas
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| What can interfere with QUATS? | organic matter
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| What part of the cell does penicillin target? | peptidoglycan in cell wall
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| Penicillin works better on gram __ microbes. | positive
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| Name 4 antimicrobial agents that work by affecting cell wall synthesis? | 1. penicillin 2. bacitracin 3. vancomycin 4. cephalosporin
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| Name 2 antibiotics that inhibit replication and transcription? | quinolones and rifampin
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| Sulfanilamide inhibits synthesis of ? | essential metabolites
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| Pretty much all sulfa- and sulfi- drugs work by competitive __. | inhibition
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| Sulfanilamide blocks the enzyme that converts __ to folic acid. | PABA
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| Name 5 drugs that inhibit protein synthesis. | 1. tetracycline 2. erythromycin 3. streptomycin 4. chloramphenicol 5. gentamycin
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| Immunoglycocides can selectively inhibit formation protein synthesis in __ cells while leaving our cells unaffected. | prokaryotic
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| Name 4 drugs that can increase permeability of the plasma membrane of pathogens, damaging them in the process. They are especially effective against gram negative bacteria. | 1. polymyxin B. 2. nystatin 3. amphotericin B. 4. miconazole
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| Large doses of penicillin can be toxic to _, __, and __. | kidneys, liver, central nervous system
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| Name 2 semisynthetic penicillins. | ampicillin and amoxicillin
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| Another class of antibiotic closely related to penicillin is called ? | cephalosporins
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| Some bacteria are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins because they can secrete an enzyme that breaks down the drugs. What is the enzyme? | Beta-lactamase
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| Aminoglycosides are bacteri- ? | ostatic
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| Tetracyclines have the __ spectrum of activity of any class of antibiotics. | widest
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| Chloramphenicol is bacteri- ? | ostatic
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| Rifampin is bacteri- ? | cidal
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| Sulfanomides are bacteri- ? | ostatic
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| Sulfanomides are especially effective against gram __ bacteria of the intestinal tract and UTI infections. | negative
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| Name 4 types of antifungal agents. | 1. amphotericin B 2. Griseofulvin 3. imidazoles 4. triazoles
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| Amphotericin B binds to __ found in fungi, algae, and protozoans. | sterols
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| Name 4 infections that are affected by erythromycin. | 1. streptococci 2. pneumococci 3. Mycoplasma 4. Chlamydia
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| All penicillins have a common nucleus which includes what structures? | 1. thiazolidine ring 2. Beta-lactam ring
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| Metronidazole (trade name is Flagyl) is an __, __, and __. | antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal
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| Ciprofloxacin works by killing bacteria or preventing their __. | growth
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| Polymyxin B alters the __ of bacterial outer membranes. | permeability
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| Polymyxin B is used on skin infections caused by gram __ bacteria. | negative
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| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agent disrupts plasma membranes and denatures proteins? | Phenols, alcohols
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| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agents disrupt plasma membranes? Include agents that do other things to microbes too. | Phenols, alcohols, biguanides, surfactants
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| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agents denature proteins? Include agents that do other things to microbes too. | Phenols, alcohols, heavy metals, aldehydes, ethylene oxide
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| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agents oxidize cellular components? | Halogens, peroxigens
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| Where are phenols generally used? | Disinfectants like Lysol, antibacterial soaps and plastics
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| What are biguanides primarily used for? | Skin disinfectant
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| What are halogens generally used for ? | Water sanitation, disinfecting eating utensils and equipment, antiseptics
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| What are alcohols generally used for (Hint: Not the fun kind of alcohols)? | Degerming, disinfect small instruments
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| What are heavy metals generally used for when it comes to antimicrobials? | On bandages and catheters
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| What are surfactants generally used for? | Degermind skin, antiseptics, disinfect instruments and utensils
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| What are aldehydes generally used for? | Sterilize and disinfect equipment, embalming
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| What is ethylene oxide generally used for? | Sterilize plastic medial equipment
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| What are peroxigens generally used for? | Water sanitation, cleaning deep wounds of oxygen sensitive organisms
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| What class of chemical agents can kill endospores? | aldehydes
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| Antibiotic aminoglycosides like streptomycin inhibit __ __. | protein synthesis
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| Antibiotic C-Glycosides like vancomycin inhibit __ __ __. | cell wall synthesis
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| Antibiotic ansamycins like Rifampin inhibit __ __. | mRNA synthesis
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| Antibiotic tetracyclines like tetracycline inhibit __ __. | protein synthesis
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| Antibiotic Beta-lactams like penicillin inhibit __ __ __. | cell wall synthesis
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| Antibiotic peptides like bacitracin inhibit __ __ __. | cell wall synthesis
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| Antibiotic fluoro-4-quinolones like Ciprofloxacin inhibit __ __. | DNA synthesis
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| Antibiotic macrolides like erythromycin inhibit __ __. | protein synthesis
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| Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis generally target prokaryotic __. | ribosomes
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| Polymyxin B disrupts __ __. | bacterial membranes
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| Name the narrow spectrum antibiotics. | 1. Erythromycin 2. Penicillin
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| Most narrow spectrum antibiotics are most effective against gram __ bacteria. | positive
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| Sulfa drugs inhibit __ __. | enzyme activity
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| Amphotericin B disrupts a cell's __ __ by binding to phospholipids. | bacterial membranes
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