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Micro1 Test2b
Practice test for Microbiology 1, test 2, after Review Topics sent, for DelTech
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) requires energy? | active |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in endocytosis? | active |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in osmosis? | passive |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) goes "down the gradient?" | passive |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in solute pumping? | active |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in diffusion? | passive |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) is involved in exocytosis? | active |
| Which kind of membrane transport (active or passive) requires no energy? | passive |
| Exocytosis is the __ of endocytosis. | opposite |
| What is pinocytosis? | enveloping of a liquid |
| What actions taken by chlorine and iodine kill microbes? | alters protein structure |
| What 3 actions taken by phenolics kill microbes? | 1. disrupt cell membranes + walls 2. precipitate proteins 3. inactivate enzymes |
| What actions taken by chlorhexidine kill microbes? | targets membranes + protein structure |
| What actions taken by alcohol kill microbes? | dissolves membrane lipids and coagulates proteins |
| What concentration of alcohol is ideal when using as an antiseptic? | 70% |
| What concentration of alcohol works best when using it as a disinfectant? | 50% |
| Hydrogen peroxide is __ to microbes. | toxic |
| It's better to use hydrogen peroxide on inanimate object than on __ __ unless the site is dirty. | open wounds |
| What 3 actions taken by aldehydes kill microbes? | 1. link to nucleic acids and amino acids 2. membrane protein crosslinking 3. disrupt enzyme activity |
| How do antimicrobial gases affect microbes? | Target DNA and protein structures |
| How do detergents affect microbes? | By disrupting cell membranes |
| How do soaps affect microbes? | Degerming - they remove the microbes |
| How do heavy metal compounds, like zinc, affect microbes? | Inactivating cell proteins |
| Iodine acts by inhibiting protein function of microbes. But what kinds of microbes is it effective against? | bacteria, fungi, some viruses, many endospores |
| In what 2 ways is iodine available? | 1. tincture 2. iodophor |
| A tincture of iodine is a mix of iodine and ? | alcohol |
| An iodophor of iodine is a mix of iodine and ? | an organic molecule that releases the iodine slowly |
| What is the main use of iodine? | skin disinfectant and wound treatment |
| If you are allergic to __, you might be allergic to iodine. | fish (shrimp and shellfish don't count) |
| What 2 chemical agents are considered to be halogens? | iodine and chlorine |
| What are the 3 kinds of chlorine compounds in use? | 1. calcium hypochlorite 2. sodium hypochlorite 3. chloramines |
| Which is the strongest chlorine compound? | calcium hypochlorite |
| Calcium hypochlorite is used to disinfect what 3 things? | 1. dairies 2. slaughterhouses 3. eating utensils |
| Which kind of hypochlorite is used with bleach in the home? | sodium hypochlorite |
| Which kind of chloride is used with ammonia in municipal water systems? | chloramines |
| Who first used phenol (carbolic acid) to sterilize hands and instruments before surgery? | Joseph Lister |
| Who is the father of chemotherapy? | Paul Ehrlich |
| Who discovered penicillin? | Alexander Fleming |
| Who discovered Salvarsan, the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis? | Paul Ehrlich |
| What class of antimicrobial agents is derived from phenol? | phenolics |
| How do phenolics affect microbes (3 ways)? | 1. damages plasma membranes 2. inactivates enzymes 3. denatures proteins |
| Phenolics are suitable for disinfecting body excretions, like ? | feces, pus, saliva |
| What is the main ingredient in Lysol? | O-phenylphenol |
| What phenolic antimicrobial agent is effective against Strep and Staph infections? | hexachlorophene |
| What coefficient is used to measure the effectiveness of disinfectants? | phenol coefficient |
| Alchohols kill bacteria and fungi, but are ineffective against ? | endospores and nonenveloped viruses |
| Why shouldn't alcohols be used on wounds? | They cause a layer of protein to coagulate in the wound. Bacteria can grow under this layer. |
| The group of antimicrobial agents called surfactants includes ? | soap and detergents |
| Some soaps and detergents have additives like __ that strongly inhibit gram + bacteria. | triclocarban |
| What 4 heavy metals can be germicidal or even antiseptic? | silver, copper, mercury, zinc |
| A 1% solution of __ __ (metal) is bacterialcidal for most organisms. | silver nitrate |
| 1% silver nitrate is used for __ eye infections in newborns. | gonorrheal |
| Copper sulfate is used to destroy ? | algae |
| If mercuric chloride (also called mercure chrome) is washed away, bacteria will resume ? | growing |
| __ __ is a common ingredient in mouth washes. | Zinc chloride |
| __ __ is used as an antifungal in paints. | Zinc oxide |
| Aldehydes like formaldehyde are carcinogenic and used for __ corpses. | embalming |
| Gluteraldehyde is bactericidal and virucidal in __ mins. | 10 |
| Gluteraldehyde is sporicidal after how long an exposure? | 3-10 hours |
| What gaseous chemosterilizer is used in gas chambers? | ethylene oxide |
| Gaseous chemosterilizers work by __ cell proteins. | denaturing |
| Gaseous chemosterilizers kill all __ and __. | microbes and endospores |
| What kind of organic acid inhibits mold growth in acidic foods like cheese? | sorbic acid |
| What kind of organic acid works as an antifungal, is effective at low pH levels, and is widely used in soft drinks? | Benzoic acid |
| Why are parabens (a class of organic acid derivatives) used in cosmetics and shampoos? | they inhibit mold growth |
| Parabens are derivatives of a specific organic acid, but parabens work at a neutral pH. What are they derived from? | Benzoic acid |
| What kind of relationship between 2 organisms is obligatory dependent, where both members benefit? | mutualism |
| If one organism depends upon another and benefits, while the other organism is not harmed, this is called ? | commensalism |
| A relationship between 2 organisms where neither member benefits or is harmed is called ? | neutralism |
| When one organism depends on the other while also harming that other organism, this is called ? | parasitism |
| A nonsymbiotic relationship where organisms cooperate and share nutrients is called ? | synergism |
| A nonsymbiotic relationship where organisms try to inhibit or destroy one another is called ? | antagonism |
| Barnacles on a whale is what kind of relationship? | commensal |
| When a wasp lays its eggs in a caterpillar so the babies can devour the caterpillar, what kind of relationship is this? | parasitic |
| When bacteria in a petri dish produce penicillin to destroy another colony of bacteria in the same dish, this is an example of ? | antagonism |
| When saprophytes (like mushrooms) and bacteria break down dead leaves in the same forest, this is an example of ? | synergism |
| When a honeybee drinks from a flower and spreads its pollen after it leaves, this is what kind of relationship? | mutualism |
| Demodex mites in human hair do not harm us. But the mites benefit. What kind of relationship is this? | commensal |
| When you remove/destroy ALL viable microbes and endospores, this is called ? | sterilization |
| When you remove pathogens ONLY from a nonliving surface but risk leaving endospores behind, this is called ? | disinfection |
| When you remove pathogens ONLY from living tissues but risk leaving endospores behind, this is called ? | antisepsis |
| When microbes, toxins, and debris are reduced to a level that is safe for the public, this is called ? | sanitation |
| When a chemical agent inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them, the chemical is ? | bacteriostatic |
| If a bacteriostatic agent is removed from a surface, what will happen to the bacteria present there? | growth resumes |
| The absence of pathogens from an object or area is a condition known as ? | asepsis |
| Techniques designed to prevent entry of pathogens into the body are known as ? | aseptic techniques |
| An aseptic technique designed to exclude all microbes is known as ? | surgical asepsis |
| An aseptic technique designed to exclude microbes associated with communicable diseases is called ? | medical asepsis |
| What 6 methods are employed by hospitals to achieve asepsis? | 1. air filtration 2. UV light 3. masks 4. gloves 5. gowns 6. instrument sterilization |
| The removal of transient microbes from skin by mechanical cleansing or use of an antiseptic is called ? | degerming |
| The reduction of pathogens on eating utensils to safe levels by mechanical or chemical cleansing is called ? | santization |
| What temperature must a bacti incinerator reach to be effective? | 974F |
| Hydrogen peroxide is an __ agent. | oxidizing |
| QUATS is short for ? | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
| What will QUATS kill? | bacteria, fungi, amoeba, enveloped viruses |
| What are QUATS ineffective against? | endospores and tuberculosis bacteria |
| What's the name of 2 QUATS? | Zephiran and Cepacol |
| Aside from TB, what's another pathogen that can survive QUATS exposure and even grow during exposure? | Pseudomonas |
| What can interfere with QUATS? | organic matter |
| What part of the cell does penicillin target? | peptidoglycan in cell wall |
| Penicillin works better on gram __ microbes. | positive |
| Name 4 antimicrobial agents that work by affecting cell wall synthesis? | 1. penicillin 2. bacitracin 3. vancomycin 4. cephalosporin |
| Name 2 antibiotics that inhibit replication and transcription? | quinolones and rifampin |
| Sulfanilamide inhibits synthesis of ? | essential metabolites |
| Pretty much all sulfa- and sulfi- drugs work by competitive __. | inhibition |
| Sulfanilamide blocks the enzyme that converts __ to folic acid. | PABA |
| Name 5 drugs that inhibit protein synthesis. | 1. tetracycline 2. erythromycin 3. streptomycin 4. chloramphenicol 5. gentamycin |
| Immunoglycocides can selectively inhibit formation protein synthesis in __ cells while leaving our cells unaffected. | prokaryotic |
| Name 4 drugs that can increase permeability of the plasma membrane of pathogens, damaging them in the process. They are especially effective against gram negative bacteria. | 1. polymyxin B. 2. nystatin 3. amphotericin B. 4. miconazole |
| Large doses of penicillin can be toxic to _, __, and __. | kidneys, liver, central nervous system |
| Name 2 semisynthetic penicillins. | ampicillin and amoxicillin |
| Another class of antibiotic closely related to penicillin is called ? | cephalosporins |
| Some bacteria are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins because they can secrete an enzyme that breaks down the drugs. What is the enzyme? | Beta-lactamase |
| Aminoglycosides are bacteri- ? | ostatic |
| Tetracyclines have the __ spectrum of activity of any class of antibiotics. | widest |
| Chloramphenicol is bacteri- ? | ostatic |
| Rifampin is bacteri- ? | cidal |
| Sulfanomides are bacteri- ? | ostatic |
| Sulfanomides are especially effective against gram __ bacteria of the intestinal tract and UTI infections. | negative |
| Name 4 types of antifungal agents. | 1. amphotericin B 2. Griseofulvin 3. imidazoles 4. triazoles |
| Amphotericin B binds to __ found in fungi, algae, and protozoans. | sterols |
| Name 4 infections that are affected by erythromycin. | 1. streptococci 2. pneumococci 3. Mycoplasma 4. Chlamydia |
| All penicillins have a common nucleus which includes what structures? | 1. thiazolidine ring 2. Beta-lactam ring |
| Metronidazole (trade name is Flagyl) is an __, __, and __. | antibiotic, amebicide, and antiprotozoal |
| Ciprofloxacin works by killing bacteria or preventing their __. | growth |
| Polymyxin B alters the __ of bacterial outer membranes. | permeability |
| Polymyxin B is used on skin infections caused by gram __ bacteria. | negative |
| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agent disrupts plasma membranes and denatures proteins? | Phenols, alcohols |
| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agents disrupt plasma membranes? Include agents that do other things to microbes too. | Phenols, alcohols, biguanides, surfactants |
| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agents denature proteins? Include agents that do other things to microbes too. | Phenols, alcohols, heavy metals, aldehydes, ethylene oxide |
| What kind of chemical antimicrobial agents oxidize cellular components? | Halogens, peroxigens |
| Where are phenols generally used? | Disinfectants like Lysol, antibacterial soaps and plastics |
| What are biguanides primarily used for? | Skin disinfectant |
| What are halogens generally used for ? | Water sanitation, disinfecting eating utensils and equipment, antiseptics |
| What are alcohols generally used for (Hint: Not the fun kind of alcohols)? | Degerming, disinfect small instruments |
| What are heavy metals generally used for when it comes to antimicrobials? | On bandages and catheters |
| What are surfactants generally used for? | Degermind skin, antiseptics, disinfect instruments and utensils |
| What are aldehydes generally used for? | Sterilize and disinfect equipment, embalming |
| What is ethylene oxide generally used for? | Sterilize plastic medial equipment |
| What are peroxigens generally used for? | Water sanitation, cleaning deep wounds of oxygen sensitive organisms |
| What class of chemical agents can kill endospores? | aldehydes |
| Antibiotic aminoglycosides like streptomycin inhibit __ __. | protein synthesis |
| Antibiotic C-Glycosides like vancomycin inhibit __ __ __. | cell wall synthesis |
| Antibiotic ansamycins like Rifampin inhibit __ __. | mRNA synthesis |
| Antibiotic tetracyclines like tetracycline inhibit __ __. | protein synthesis |
| Antibiotic Beta-lactams like penicillin inhibit __ __ __. | cell wall synthesis |
| Antibiotic peptides like bacitracin inhibit __ __ __. | cell wall synthesis |
| Antibiotic fluoro-4-quinolones like Ciprofloxacin inhibit __ __. | DNA synthesis |
| Antibiotic macrolides like erythromycin inhibit __ __. | protein synthesis |
| Antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis generally target prokaryotic __. | ribosomes |
| Polymyxin B disrupts __ __. | bacterial membranes |
| Name the narrow spectrum antibiotics. | 1. Erythromycin 2. Penicillin |
| Most narrow spectrum antibiotics are most effective against gram __ bacteria. | positive |
| Sulfa drugs inhibit __ __. | enzyme activity |
| Amphotericin B disrupts a cell's __ __ by binding to phospholipids. | bacterial membranes |
Created by:
IsaacJ
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