Review for test 1 in Microbiology 1 DelTech Owens
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| Anton van Leeuewenhook is the father of __. | microbiology
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| Anton van Leeuewenhook made better __ for microscopes. | lenses
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| Theodore Schwann was a German __. | physiologist
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| Matthias Jakob Schleiden was a German __. | botanist
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| Schwann and Schleiden were the cofounders of __ __. | cell theory
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| Cell theory: all living things are composed of __ and __ __. | cells and cell products
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| Rudolf Virchow was a German __, among many other things. | doctor
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| Rudolf Virchow was the father of __ __. | modern pathology
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| Rudolf Virchow first proposed the theory of __. | biogenesis
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| Theory of biogensis: Living cells can arise only from __ living cells. | pre-existing
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| Louis Pasteur was a French __, __, and brewer. | chemist, microbiologist
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| Louis Pasteur proved Virchows theory of __. | biogenesis
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| Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of __ __. | spontaneous generation
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| Robert Koch was a German __. | microbiologist
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| Robert Koch was the founder of __ __. | modern bacteriology
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| Robert Koch proved the theory of __ __. | infectious disease
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| Joseph Lister was a British __. | surgeon
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| Joseph Lister pioneered __ surgery. | antiseptic
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| Joseph Lister used tents and __ __ to sanitize tools and hands. | carbolic acid
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| Today, carbolic acid is known as __. | phenol
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| Listerine was named after __ __. | Joseph Lister
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| Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian __. | physician
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| Ignaz Semmelweis was known for promoting __ __ to antiseptic procedures used by surgeons. | hand washing
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| Alexander Fleming was a Scottish __, __, and __. | biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist
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| Alexander Fleming made __. | penicillin
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| Alexander Fleming was the father of __. | antibiotics
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| What are the 3 main parts to modern cell theory? | 1. The cell is the basic unit of life 2. All cells come from other cells 3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells
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| What are the 4 categories of eukaryotic cells? | Algae, fungi, helminths, protozoa
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| What are the 2 categories of prokaryotic cells? | Archae, bacteria
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| Name at least one acellular kind of cell? | viruses (viroids are also acellular)
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| Of all the cells we work with in the lab, which are the smallest? | viruses
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| Who is the father of microbiology? | Robert Hooke
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| Who is the founder of cell theory? | Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
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| Who first proposed the theory of biogensis? | Rudolf Virchow
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| Who made more powerful lenses and better microscopes with those lenses? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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| Who proved Virchow's theory of biogenesis? | Louis Pasteur
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| Who proved the theory of infectious disease? | Robert Koch
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| Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation? | Louis Pasteur
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| Who pioneered antiseptic surgery? | Joseph Lister
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| Who promoted the use of hand washing in medical facilities? | Ignaz Semmelweis
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| Who used carbolic acid (phenol) to sanitize tools and hands? | Joseph Lister
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| Who made penicillin? | Alexander Fleming
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| Are algae eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic
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| Are bacteria eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | prokaryotic
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| Are fungi eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic
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| Are helminths eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic
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| Are archaea eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | prokaryotic
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| Are protozoa eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic
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| Are viruses eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | acellular
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| What kind of microbe is prokaryotic but has eukaryotic qualities? | archaea
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| What does glycocalyx mean? | sugar coated
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is the thin layer? | slime layer
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which allows the cell to stick to surfaces? | slime and capsule layers
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is loosely connected to the cell? | slime layer
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is water soluble? | capsule layer
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is the thick layer? | capsule layer
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is loosely connected to the cell? | slime layer
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which which is usually found in gram-negative bacteria? | capsule layer
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which protects against phagocytosis? | capsule layer
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| Capsule layers resist phagocytosis, but this protection can be overcome by a capsule-specific __. | antibody
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| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is tightly bound to the cell? | capsule layer
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| Mycoplasma sp. do not have a __ __. | cell wall
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| Cells that do not have a cell wall can change their __. | shape
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| Short cell appendages made mostly from protein and that tend to stick to things are called ? | Fimbriae and pili
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| Only gram-__ cells have pili. | negative
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| Some gram-positive cells can conjugate, or exchange __. | DNA or plasmids
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| When a cell "runs," this means it is moving how? | in a single direction
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| When a cell "tumbles," this means it is doing what? | changing direction
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| Phototaxis is similar to chemotaxis, but it is based on __ stimulus. | light
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| What cell structure wraps around the cell and allows it to move in a corkscrew fashion? | Axial filament
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| The flagella of __ are more complex than those of the other kind of cell. (Not acellular.) | prokaryotes
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| Dormant bodies in an inert resting condition are called __. | endospores
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| Endospores are not about reproduction, but __. | survival
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| A cell with a coccus shape is __. | round
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| A cell with a bacillus shape is __. | rod shaped
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| A twisted or spiral shaped cell is called a __. | spirillum
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| Cells with a vibrio shape look like gently bent __. | rods
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| Cells that gather into clusters have what prefix? | Staphylo-
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| Cells that gather into chains have what prefix? | Strepto-
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| Archaea have no __ in their cell wall. | peptidoglycan
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| Since archaea have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, they are said to be __. | pseudomureins or pseudopeptidoglycans
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| Some archaea have no cell __, but most do. | wall
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| Archaea can live in __ environments. | extreme
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| Mycoplasma have __ in their cell membranes that help them resist lysis. | sterols
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| What kind of stains are used to show the difference between 2 populations of microbes? | differential stains
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| Gram-negative stains are __ in color. | red or pink
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| Gram-positive stains are __ in color. | blue or purple
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| Which has the thicker peptidoglycan layer: gram-positive cells or gram-negative cells? | Gram-positive
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| Which class of cells are cationic? | Gram-positive
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| Which class of cells are more waxy and have an outer membrane? | Gram-negative
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| Gram-positive cells have __ acids. | techoic
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| Microplasma are gram-_. | negative
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| What are the 4 steps of making a differential stain? | 1. apply primary stain 2. apply mordant 3. apply decolorizing agent 4. apply secondary stain (also called a counterstain)
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| For the 4 steps in making a differential stain, what chemicals do we use? | 1. crystal violet 2. iodine 3. alcohol 4. safranin
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| What kind of stain is used to identify archaea? | acid-fast stain
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| Why are cells that require an acid-fast stain to see so hard to stain? | mycolic acid
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| What are the 2 most universally used stains in the lab? | Gram-stain and acid-fast stain
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| What are the 2 basic parts of a fixation stain? | Solvent+dye
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| What is the colored portion of dye? | chromophore
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| If a dye sticks to the cells and gives them a color, that stain is called a __ stain. | positive
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| If a dye only forms a silhouette around a cell, it is called a __ stain. | negative
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| Basic stains are __ (refers to their charge). | catiionic
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| Cationic stains have a positive charge, so they stick to cells with __ charged components. | negatively
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| Acidic stains are __ (refers to their charge). | anionic
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| Anionic stains are negatively charged, so they only stick to cells with __ charged components. | positively
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| Name 3 stains that we use in our lab. | methyline blue, safranin, crystal violet
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| Gram-staining is __ on cells with mycolic acid. | unreliable (so we use acid-fast staining)
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| Acid-fast cell walls retain __ __ even when decolored with acid-alcohol. | carbol fuschin
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| Name two kinds of acid-fast stains. | Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun
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| What kind of stain only adheres to certain cells components or structures? | structural stains
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| Name 3 kinds of structural stains. (Not specific names, just types) | Capsule stains, flagella stains, endospore stains
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| Structural stains are useful because certain parts of a microbe can cause __ even after the microbe has died. | diseases or symptoms
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| Artificial and synthetic media can come in __ or __ form. | liquid or solid
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| Enriched artificial/synthetic media grow the __ pathogens. | most
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| Selective artificial/synthetic media __ some pathogens while encouraging others to __. | inhibit, reproduce
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| Inoculation is for what 3 things? | 1. isolated colonies 2. quantitation of colonies 3. determine susceptibility of colonies
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| Some microbes grow better or worse at different __. (Hint: think environmental factors) | temperatures
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| Name the taxa of organisms from the largest to the smallest. (Or from the top of the list to the bottom in order.) | Domain, Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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| What are the 4 responsibilities of a clinical microbiology lab? | 1. Process specimens 2. Isolate pathogens 3. Identify pathogens 4. Perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing
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| What are the 6 tools of a clinical microbiology lab? | 1. microscopes 2. automated equipment 3. stains 4. inoculating loops and incinerators 5. incubators 6. culture media
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| Bacteria and protozoa are measures in __ (what unit?). | micrometers
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| Viruses are measured in __ (what unit?). | nanometers
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| The resolution of a microscope can be adversely affected by what things? | Human error, poor light, dirty lenses, too little oil
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| How does oil help us see things through a microscope? | It collects light and prevents it from scattering between the specimen and the objective lens so we can see more clearly.
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| Magnification and resolution are __ related. | inversely
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| What kind of microscope lets you see living specimens? | phase contrast
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| Which kind of microscope uses UV light? | fluorescent
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| Which kind of microscope lets us view brightly lit specimens against a dark background? | dark field
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| Which kind of microscope lets us see dead specimens with stains and a light? | brightfield or compound light
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| Which kind of microscopes let us see viruses? | transmission electron
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| Which kind of microscope sends electrons through a specimen or an extremely thin object? | transmission electron
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| Which kind of microscope bounces electrons off the specimen or object? | scanning electron
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| Which kind of microscope gives specimens a 3D appearance when viewed? | scanning electron
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| Robert Hooke coined the term __. | cell
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| Robert Hooke devised the __ microscope. | compound
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| Robert Hooke was an English __ __. | English natural philospher
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| Which is larger: eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has a nucleus: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has organelles that are NOT bound by a membrane: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has simpler cell walls: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell undergoes division by binary fission: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has organelles that are compartmentalized: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell never has chloroplasts: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell undergoes mitotic division: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell only reproduces asexually: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has linear DNA: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell never has cilia: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has no peptidoglycan: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has a simple flagella: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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| Which kind of cell uses electron transport in the cell membrane: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell has pili or fimbriae: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell lacks a Golgi body, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic
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| Which kind of cell keeps its DNA stored in the nucleus: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic
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