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Microbiology1 Test1
Review for test 1 in Microbiology 1 DelTech Owens
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anton van Leeuewenhook is the father of __. | microbiology |
| Anton van Leeuewenhook made better __ for microscopes. | lenses |
| Theodore Schwann was a German __. | physiologist |
| Matthias Jakob Schleiden was a German __. | botanist |
| Schwann and Schleiden were the cofounders of __ __. | cell theory |
| Cell theory: all living things are composed of __ and __ __. | cells and cell products |
| Rudolf Virchow was a German __, among many other things. | doctor |
| Rudolf Virchow was the father of __ __. | modern pathology |
| Rudolf Virchow first proposed the theory of __. | biogenesis |
| Theory of biogensis: Living cells can arise only from __ living cells. | pre-existing |
| Louis Pasteur was a French __, __, and brewer. | chemist, microbiologist |
| Louis Pasteur proved Virchows theory of __. | biogenesis |
| Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of __ __. | spontaneous generation |
| Robert Koch was a German __. | microbiologist |
| Robert Koch was the founder of __ __. | modern bacteriology |
| Robert Koch proved the theory of __ __. | infectious disease |
| Joseph Lister was a British __. | surgeon |
| Joseph Lister pioneered __ surgery. | antiseptic |
| Joseph Lister used tents and __ __ to sanitize tools and hands. | carbolic acid |
| Today, carbolic acid is known as __. | phenol |
| Listerine was named after __ __. | Joseph Lister |
| Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian __. | physician |
| Ignaz Semmelweis was known for promoting __ __ to antiseptic procedures used by surgeons. | hand washing |
| Alexander Fleming was a Scottish __, __, and __. | biologist, pharmacologist, and botanist |
| Alexander Fleming made __. | penicillin |
| Alexander Fleming was the father of __. | antibiotics |
| What are the 3 main parts to modern cell theory? | 1. The cell is the basic unit of life 2. All cells come from other cells 3. All organisms are composed of one or more cells |
| What are the 4 categories of eukaryotic cells? | Algae, fungi, helminths, protozoa |
| What are the 2 categories of prokaryotic cells? | Archae, bacteria |
| Name at least one acellular kind of cell? | viruses (viroids are also acellular) |
| Of all the cells we work with in the lab, which are the smallest? | viruses |
| Who is the father of microbiology? | Robert Hooke |
| Who is the founder of cell theory? | Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann |
| Who first proposed the theory of biogensis? | Rudolf Virchow |
| Who made more powerful lenses and better microscopes with those lenses? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| Who proved Virchow's theory of biogenesis? | Louis Pasteur |
| Who proved the theory of infectious disease? | Robert Koch |
| Who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation? | Louis Pasteur |
| Who pioneered antiseptic surgery? | Joseph Lister |
| Who promoted the use of hand washing in medical facilities? | Ignaz Semmelweis |
| Who used carbolic acid (phenol) to sanitize tools and hands? | Joseph Lister |
| Who made penicillin? | Alexander Fleming |
| Are algae eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic |
| Are bacteria eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | prokaryotic |
| Are fungi eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic |
| Are helminths eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic |
| Are archaea eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | prokaryotic |
| Are protozoa eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | eukaryotic |
| Are viruses eukaryotic, prokaryotic, or acellular? | acellular |
| What kind of microbe is prokaryotic but has eukaryotic qualities? | archaea |
| What does glycocalyx mean? | sugar coated |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is the thin layer? | slime layer |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which allows the cell to stick to surfaces? | slime and capsule layers |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is loosely connected to the cell? | slime layer |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is water soluble? | capsule layer |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is the thick layer? | capsule layer |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is loosely connected to the cell? | slime layer |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which which is usually found in gram-negative bacteria? | capsule layer |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which protects against phagocytosis? | capsule layer |
| Capsule layers resist phagocytosis, but this protection can be overcome by a capsule-specific __. | antibody |
| Of the 2 kinds of cell layers with glycocalyx, which is tightly bound to the cell? | capsule layer |
| Mycoplasma sp. do not have a __ __. | cell wall |
| Cells that do not have a cell wall can change their __. | shape |
| Short cell appendages made mostly from protein and that tend to stick to things are called ? | Fimbriae and pili |
| Only gram-__ cells have pili. | negative |
| Some gram-positive cells can conjugate, or exchange __. | DNA or plasmids |
| When a cell "runs," this means it is moving how? | in a single direction |
| When a cell "tumbles," this means it is doing what? | changing direction |
| Phototaxis is similar to chemotaxis, but it is based on __ stimulus. | light |
| What cell structure wraps around the cell and allows it to move in a corkscrew fashion? | Axial filament |
| The flagella of __ are more complex than those of the other kind of cell. (Not acellular.) | prokaryotes |
| Dormant bodies in an inert resting condition are called __. | endospores |
| Endospores are not about reproduction, but __. | survival |
| A cell with a coccus shape is __. | round |
| A cell with a bacillus shape is __. | rod shaped |
| A twisted or spiral shaped cell is called a __. | spirillum |
| Cells with a vibrio shape look like gently bent __. | rods |
| Cells that gather into clusters have what prefix? | Staphylo- |
| Cells that gather into chains have what prefix? | Strepto- |
| Archaea have no __ in their cell wall. | peptidoglycan |
| Since archaea have no peptidoglycan in their cell walls, they are said to be __. | pseudomureins or pseudopeptidoglycans |
| Some archaea have no cell __, but most do. | wall |
| Archaea can live in __ environments. | extreme |
| Mycoplasma have __ in their cell membranes that help them resist lysis. | sterols |
| What kind of stains are used to show the difference between 2 populations of microbes? | differential stains |
| Gram-negative stains are __ in color. | red or pink |
| Gram-positive stains are __ in color. | blue or purple |
| Which has the thicker peptidoglycan layer: gram-positive cells or gram-negative cells? | Gram-positive |
| Which class of cells are cationic? | Gram-positive |
| Which class of cells are more waxy and have an outer membrane? | Gram-negative |
| Gram-positive cells have __ acids. | techoic |
| Microplasma are gram-_. | negative |
| What are the 4 steps of making a differential stain? | 1. apply primary stain 2. apply mordant 3. apply decolorizing agent 4. apply secondary stain (also called a counterstain) |
| For the 4 steps in making a differential stain, what chemicals do we use? | 1. crystal violet 2. iodine 3. alcohol 4. safranin |
| What kind of stain is used to identify archaea? | acid-fast stain |
| Why are cells that require an acid-fast stain to see so hard to stain? | mycolic acid |
| What are the 2 most universally used stains in the lab? | Gram-stain and acid-fast stain |
| What are the 2 basic parts of a fixation stain? | Solvent+dye |
| What is the colored portion of dye? | chromophore |
| If a dye sticks to the cells and gives them a color, that stain is called a __ stain. | positive |
| If a dye only forms a silhouette around a cell, it is called a __ stain. | negative |
| Basic stains are __ (refers to their charge). | catiionic |
| Cationic stains have a positive charge, so they stick to cells with __ charged components. | negatively |
| Acidic stains are __ (refers to their charge). | anionic |
| Anionic stains are negatively charged, so they only stick to cells with __ charged components. | positively |
| Name 3 stains that we use in our lab. | methyline blue, safranin, crystal violet |
| Gram-staining is __ on cells with mycolic acid. | unreliable (so we use acid-fast staining) |
| Acid-fast cell walls retain __ __ even when decolored with acid-alcohol. | carbol fuschin |
| Name two kinds of acid-fast stains. | Ziehl-Neelsen and Kinyoun |
| What kind of stain only adheres to certain cells components or structures? | structural stains |
| Name 3 kinds of structural stains. (Not specific names, just types) | Capsule stains, flagella stains, endospore stains |
| Structural stains are useful because certain parts of a microbe can cause __ even after the microbe has died. | diseases or symptoms |
| Artificial and synthetic media can come in __ or __ form. | liquid or solid |
| Enriched artificial/synthetic media grow the __ pathogens. | most |
| Selective artificial/synthetic media __ some pathogens while encouraging others to __. | inhibit, reproduce |
| Inoculation is for what 3 things? | 1. isolated colonies 2. quantitation of colonies 3. determine susceptibility of colonies |
| Some microbes grow better or worse at different __. (Hint: think environmental factors) | temperatures |
| Name the taxa of organisms from the largest to the smallest. (Or from the top of the list to the bottom in order.) | Domain, Kingdom, Division, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What are the 4 responsibilities of a clinical microbiology lab? | 1. Process specimens 2. Isolate pathogens 3. Identify pathogens 4. Perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing |
| What are the 6 tools of a clinical microbiology lab? | 1. microscopes 2. automated equipment 3. stains 4. inoculating loops and incinerators 5. incubators 6. culture media |
| Bacteria and protozoa are measures in __ (what unit?). | micrometers |
| Viruses are measured in __ (what unit?). | nanometers |
| The resolution of a microscope can be adversely affected by what things? | Human error, poor light, dirty lenses, too little oil |
| How does oil help us see things through a microscope? | It collects light and prevents it from scattering between the specimen and the objective lens so we can see more clearly. |
| Magnification and resolution are __ related. | inversely |
| What kind of microscope lets you see living specimens? | phase contrast |
| Which kind of microscope uses UV light? | fluorescent |
| Which kind of microscope lets us view brightly lit specimens against a dark background? | dark field |
| Which kind of microscope lets us see dead specimens with stains and a light? | brightfield or compound light |
| Which kind of microscopes let us see viruses? | transmission electron |
| Which kind of microscope sends electrons through a specimen or an extremely thin object? | transmission electron |
| Which kind of microscope bounces electrons off the specimen or object? | scanning electron |
| Which kind of microscope gives specimens a 3D appearance when viewed? | scanning electron |
| Robert Hooke coined the term __. | cell |
| Robert Hooke devised the __ microscope. | compound |
| Robert Hooke was an English __ __. | English natural philospher |
| Which is larger: eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has a nucleus: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has organelles that are NOT bound by a membrane: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has simpler cell walls: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell undergoes division by binary fission: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has organelles that are compartmentalized: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell never has chloroplasts: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell undergoes mitotic division: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell only reproduces asexually: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has linear DNA: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell never has cilia: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has no peptidoglycan: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has a simple flagella: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
| Which kind of cell uses electron transport in the cell membrane: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell has pili or fimbriae: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell lacks a Golgi body, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Prokaryotic |
| Which kind of cell keeps its DNA stored in the nucleus: eukaryotic or prokaryotic? | Eukaryotic |
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IsaacJ
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