Chapter 1
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| Nutrition | The science that studies food.
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| Nutients | Chemical substances critical for human growth and function.
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| Organic Nutrients | Contain Carbon and Hydrogen, essential components of all living organisms.
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| Name the organic nutrients essential for all living organisms. | Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Vitamins
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| Inorganic Nutrients | Do NOT contain carbon and hydrogen.
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| Name the inorganic nutrients. | Water
Minerals
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| Maronutrients | Required in relatively large amounts.
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| Carbohydrates | -Primary fuel source for the bod, especially for neurological functioning and physical exercise.
-Composed of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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| In what foods can Carbohydrates be found in? | Grains (wheat,rice)
Vegetables
Fruits
Legumes (lentils,beans,peas)
Seeds
Nuts
Milk Products
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| Lipids | -A diverse group of substances that are largely insoluble in water
-Composed of C, H, and O
-Main energy source during rest or low to moderate- intensity exercise
-Provide fat-soluble vitamins
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| Where are lipids stored? | As adipose tissue (body fat)
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| Proteins | -Composed of C, H, and N
-Builds new cells/tissues
-Maintains bones and repairs damage
-Regulates metabolism and fluid balance
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| In what foods can Protein be found in? | Meat
Dairy
Seeds
Nuts
Legumes
Small amounts in grains and vegtables
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| Miconutrients | Required in relatively small amounts.
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| Vitamins | -Build and maintain healthy bones and tissues
-Support immune system
-Ensure healthy vision
-Do NOT contain or supply energy to our bodies
-Help us utilize the energy derived from macronutrients
-Can be destroyed by light, heat, air, etc.
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| What are the two types of vitamins? | Fat-soluble and water-soluble
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| What are some of the names and distinguishing features of fat-soluble vitamins? | Vitamin- A,D,E,K
-Stored in the human body
-Toxicity can occur from consuming excess amounts which accumulate in the body
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| What are some of the names and distinguishing features of water-soluble vitamins? | Vitamin- B and C and thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6,vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folate.
-Not stored in the body
-Excess excreted in urine
-Toxicity generally only occurs as a result of vitamin supplementation
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| Minerals | -Regulate fluid and energy production
-Support bone and blood health
-Remove harmful metabolic by-products
-Exist in the simplest possible form
-Can't be broken down further or destroyed by heat/light
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| What are two typed of minerals? | Trace and major
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| What are some of the major minerals and its distinguishing features? | -Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfur
-Needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day
-Amount present in the human body is greater than 5g
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| What are some of the trace minerals and its distinguishing features? | -Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, iodine
-Needed in amounts less than 100 mg/day
-Amount present in the human body is less than 5g
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| Water | -Fluid balance
-Energy production
-Regulation of nerve impulses, body temperature, and muscle contractions
-Nutrient transport
-Excretion of waste products
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| DRIs | Dietary Reference Intakes
-Expanded on the previous RDA values
-Set standards for nutrients that do not have RDA values
-For healthy people only
-Aim to prevent deficiency diseases and reduce chronic diseases
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| EAR | Estimated Average Requirement
-Used to define the RDA
-The average daily intake level of a nutrient to meet the need of HALF of the healthy people.
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| RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowance
-Meets the needs of 97% to 98% of healthy people
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| AI | Adequate Intake
-Recommended average daily nutrient intake level
-Used when RDA is not available
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| UL | Tolerable Upper Intake Level
-Highest average daily nutrient at levels above the UL increases the potential for toxic effects and health risks
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| EER | Estimated Energy Requirement
-Average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance in a health adult
-Defined by age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity
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| AMDR | Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
-Ranges of energy intakes from macronutrients that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients
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| Anthropometric Assessments | -Provide objective data
-Common measurements include height, weight, head circumference in infants, and limb circumference
-Require trained personnel and correct tools
-Compare standards for age/gender
-Assess trends in nutritional status/growth
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| Primary deficiency | When a person does not consume enough of a nutrient, a direct consequence of inadequate intake.
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| Secondary deficiency | -A person cannot absorb enough of a nutrient in his/her body
-Too much of a nutrient is excreted from the body
-A nutrient is not utilized efficiently by the body
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| Subclinical deficiency | Occurs in the early stage; few or no symptoms are observed.
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| Covert | Symptoms are hidden and requite laboratory tests or other invasive procedures to detect
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| Overt | Symptoms of nutrition deficiency that become obvious
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