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soc aos 2 sac
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| race | - a term used to identify PHYSICAL differences between humans, and to categorise people on their physical characteristics (eg. skin pigmentation, facial features) eg. ‘physical race traits‘ Josiah clark nott, 1857 (validates social darwinism) |
| sociologists + race | - sociologists DO NOT like the term race, as it is often used to stereotype people and was historically used to maintain a social hierarchy - environmental factors are what influence physical differences in humans, not DNA |
| ethnicity | - a term used to identify experiences shared between groups of people based on their SOCIAL CONNECTIONS, which provide distinct national identity - encompasses CULTURAL EXPERIENCES to define a group, rather than a reliance on biological features |
| socially significant categories | the social connections of ethnic groups consist of shared values: - sense of ownership of a geographical place - unique language - religion/beliefs - customs + traditions (food, clothing, lifestyle) - collective history which makes up... |
| national culture | a national or ethnic culture is a community or identity grounded in belonging and based on shared social connections and experiences |
| diaspora | - when a group/network of people from one ethnic identity leave their home country to settle in another, usually due to war, famine, or environmental disaster... |
| diaspora #2 | where the inhabitants of the country are disposed of their land either permanently or temporarily. eg. historical: slave trade contemporary: ukraine/syria |
| ethnocentrism | - the evaluation of and passing judgement on another culture by the evaluator's culture's standards of what is right and best - post 1788, Australia was built on the ethnocentric view that British colonists were superior |
| australia's migration | - waves of migration such as Chinese miners during the gold rush were viewed as different and inferior eg. ‘Chinese pest‘ cartoon from the Melbourne Punch, 1888 - this way of thinking led to the formation of racist immigration laws |
| white australia policy | - stopped or restricted all non-european immigration until the 1970‘s - whilst modern australia has moved away from its ethnocentric foundation, racism and discrimination are still present in society eg. south sudanese ‘gang' |
| cultural relativism | - involves an attempt to understand a culture by looking at it according to its own standards (analysing from the pov of its members) eg. governments beginning to acknowledge that not everyone in australia speaks English (for websites etc.) |
| ethnic hybridity | - Stuart hall theorised that the concept of ethnicity was heterogenous. |
| ethnic hybridity #2 | - in countries with diverse populations, individuals created new hybrid ethnic identities that grew out of multiple national ethnicities, which shared social experiences and relationships in the individual's adopted country |
| ethnicity + generations | - countries with diverse populations would have new hybrid ethnic identities form - individuals would produce children, who adopted more than one culture - this meant that aspects of a national ethnicity would diminish with the arrival of a new culture |
| other | - a term used by sociologists to describe the way in which groups of people define those as different to themselves. - it is a way to split social groups into ‘us and them' |
| otherING | - encompasses the choices groups of people make by defining their identity in opposition to groups of people who do not share (or are thought to not share) a similar culture, heritage, ethnicity + political or economic experience |
| how diverse is australia? (stats) | 2016 ABS Census found: - 26% of Australians born overseas - 49% said they had parent/s born overseas - 21% of australians reported speaking another language at home - 300 ethnic groups reported - most common migrant groups are the UK, NZ and China |
| Australia's british ancestry | - in 1966, 32% of australians were born in the UK - in 2016, just 15% of australians were born in the UK - shows the decline |
| how diverse in Canada? (stats) | CIA world Factbook says: - 19.9% have foreign-born parents - 21.5% are born overseas - 250 ethnic groups reported - most common ancestries English, Scottish, French - 2 languages (French and English) aus only has 1 |
| how diverse is Japan? (stats) | - 2% of the population is born overseas (in 2016) MONOCULTURAL - in 2017, Japan received 99,000 migrants, a 4.3 % increase from 2016 - most common ancestries china, Vietnam, Philipines - both australia and japan's migrant number are increasing |
| belonging (concept) | - relate to an individual or group's capacity to feel socially connected to other and/or a nation - the concept of inclusion relates to being able to fully participate in ALL aspects of society eg. education, employment |
| barrier | - a barrier to belonging and feeling included society, is anything that obstructs, limits or makes it difficult for an individual or group to feel safe + included in Australian society. - a barrier IMPEDES ON A SENSE OF BELONGING |
| enabler | - an enabler to belonging and inclusion in Australia's multicultural society is anything that encourages, promotes, or makes it possible for an individual or group to feel safe and included in society eg. #i'llridewithyou trend |
| barriers are shaped by... | - customs + traditions - social attitudes - media - political factors |
| media factors barriers info | lack of diversity in television - the ‘who gets to tell australian stories‘ report found that 75% of news personalities have an Anglo-celtic background (June 2019) - other ethnicities make up 24% of the population, but only appear on tv 6% of the time |
| why this is bad | - the lack of diversity reflects the stories broadcasted, the issues they examine and how they examine them - may make cultures feel unwelcome and does not accurately reflect the large proportion of australians who are not Anglo-Celtic |
| solution | - the report recommends the networks to ‘better connect with and reflect their increasingly diverse audience' |
| media factors enablers | ‘muslims like us‘ trailer - 10 muslims live together for a week to share their views and lifestyles - ‘I am an australian. I was born here.‘ - highlights the diversity of one religion and the assumption that there is only ‘one type‘ of muslim |
| political factors barriers | ‘Australia first‘ party website - titles: ‘danger for australia‘ (migrants) - spreads fear amongst australians - ‘stop Chinese immigration now!‘ - makes chinese people (migrants and other) in australia feel unwelcome, bothered + unwanted |
| political factors enablers | australia's multicultural policy - an ONGOING POLICY beginning in 1975 - statement of values and intent from the gov. to recognise the challenges faced by migrants and accept that migrant culture is part of australian heritage |
| why this is good | - enable migrants to practice their cultural heritage within australian society, free from persecution, + allows them to adapt to australian customs at their own pace |
| cultural + traditional factors barriers | bendigo anti-mosque protests - fastest-growing anti-islam organisation in the country, with 5000 supporters - claim to be ‘keeping the community safe,‘ implying that muslims are dangerous or a threat |
| why this is bad | - by blocking the mosque, they are implying that religious identity is not accepted in australia - may make muslims feel unwelcome |
| cultural + traditional factors enablers | harmony day celebration - annually celebrated on the 21st of March (australia), beginning in 1999 - celebrates multiculturalism, respect and belonging for ALL australians, regardless of cultural or linguistic backgrounds |
| why this is good | - promotes social cohesion and racial harmony through community participation in organised events |
| social factors barriers | Eddie Mcguire racist comments - suggested on radio that Adam Goodes be involved in the promotion of the ‘King Kong‘ musical - sparked outrage from Goodes and many others in the media + sporting worlds - defended himself by calling it a ‘brain fade' |
| why this is bad | - mcguire is one of the most best-known sporting tv personalities in australia, meaning his comments influence the public and normalise casual racism (as well as accept it) |
| more why this is bad | - Tom Heenan and David Dunstan (authors of article) stated that Eddie ‘shapes opinions... on social + cultural values. he is... a role model.‘ |
| social factors enablers | protests against offshore detention centres - more than 1000 protestors gathered in Sydney to protest the government's treatment of asylum seekers - rock icon Jimmy Barnes was present, stating it was ‘criminal‘ to keep the centres - raises awareness |
| why this is good | - raises awareness for the shocking treatment of refugees and encourages a more diverse and multicultural society through protesting the government's lack of action - also encourages the government to do something about it |
| multiculturalism (sociology) | - describes the manner in which a given society deals with cultural diversity - based on the underlying assumption that members of different cultures can coexist peacefully - the view that society respects, preserves and encourages cultural diversity |
| multiculturalism (political philosophy) | - refers to the ways in which societies choose to formulate and implement official policies, dealing with equitable treatments of different cultures + ethnicities (making sure people have equal access to stuff) |
| difference between multiculturalism and ethnicity | multiculturalism is the lifestyle and acceptance, whilst ethnic diversity is cold hard facts |
| the CURRENT multicultural policy | - WHITLAM GOV. + FRASIER four central principles: - the aus gov. celebrates + values the benefits of cultural diversity, within the broader aims for national unity, harmony + maintenance democratic values |
| the CURRENT multicultural policy #2 | - aus gov. is committed to a just, inclusive and socially cohesive society where everyone can participate and where gov. services are responsive to the needs of australians from culturally and linguistically backgrounds (CALD) eg. access to interpreters |
| the CURRENT multicultural policy #3 | - aus gov. welcomes the economic, trade and investment benefits and - responds to the expression of intolerance and discrimination in strength and, where necessary, with the law |
| hazara national ethnicity - overview | - an ethnic minority from Afghanistan (third largest ethnic group) - faced long-term systemic discrimination + repeated + targeted violence, causing them to lost much of their social standing in Afghanistan - as a result, many left as migrants/refugees |
| 2016 census says: | - 46,799 afghan-born people are in australia - 21.9% who are of Hazara ancestry |
| how Hazara identify - material + non-material culture | material - spices, dambura (instrument), turbah (prayer block) non-material - language, religion, family hierarchy |
| how Hazara identify - language + religion | - do not speak the official languages of Afghanistan, instead speaking the Persian dialect, Hazaragi - also follow a different section of Islam (Shi'a), compared to the predominantly Sunni Muslims of Afghanistan |
| how Hazara identify - ancestry | - most believe they are a descendants of the Mongols (Genghis khan af), which explains their asian features, - these differ from other Persian descendants in the region |
| hazara in mildura | - make up one of the major groups of refugees and asylum seekers who have settled in VIC - there have been 2 major waves of Hazara refugee arrival - first - 1999-2002 - second - 2009-2013 |
| hazara in mildura #2 | - the majority of refugees from Afghanistan settled in - Shepparton (755) - MILDURA (260) - swan hill (162) (according to the 2016 census, but there are estimated to be more) |
| hazara - political enablers | - the Mildura Rural City Council becoming a ‘refugee welcome zone‘ - aims to increase the cultural and religious diversity in mildura - from 2001-06, there were 7,934 new arrivals in mildura, a 17% increase from 19996-01 |
| hazara - social attitudes enablers | - local refugees invited to a weekly community garden group to develop ties to the community - aims to foster belonging, inclusion + multiculturalism - article on ABS website presents multicultural views + encourages inclusion of refugees |
| hazara - social attitudes enablers #2 | - ‘it's good to learn from each other... we can teach each other.‘ - a member of the group |
| hazara - media enablers | - Hazara gathered to celebrate Eid-al-adha - representation of cultural celebrations - article on ABC website presents it in a positive light, which fosters multicultural views - ‘we come all around together with friends.‘ - participant |
| hazara - customs + traditions enablers | - Hazara set up at stall on Australia Day (2012) to teach local children to make kites (a cultural pastime in Afghanistan) - fosters inclusion of ethnic diversity + celebrates the multicultural nature of Australia |
| hazara - political enablers | - state gov. provided funding for a clinic that specialised in refugee health (October, 2011) - provides specialised series for ethnically diverse people + promotes inclusion in society (an important part of the multicultural policy) - |
| hazara - political enablers | - refugee clinic continued.... - doctors in mildura developed a refugee health clinic to provide mental health services and immunisations (2014) - bilingual doctors have provided 220 refugees health assessment in 2 years |
| hazara - barriers | limited access to health services - language barriers make it difficult to understand process + diagnosis - ‘one of the barriers to getting immunised is the cost.‘ - doctor at the clinic - ‘many believe that health providers will not understand‘ |
| hazara - barriers | loss of culture and customs ‘Emma,‘ 18 - ‘I don't feel comfortable in my national dress anymore - ‘I get mixed up between English + hazaragi‘ - parents fear their children will lose their culture - 'I can't take time off work (for Eid)' |
| hazara - barriers | lack of experience from healthcare workers - refugees have more complex health problems - confronted with questions about visas - no training available to deal with it - ‘difficult, because I dont have any influence on that process.‘ - nurse |
| 7 guidelines for conducting ethical research (according to TASA) | 1. treating participants with RESPECT 2. putting methods in place to PREVENT HARM 3. establishing INFORMED CONSENT procedures, making explicit the nature, purpose and implications of they study |
| 7 guidelines for conducting ethical research (according to TASA) #2 | 4. ensuring participants are AWARE OF THEIR RIGHTS, VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION + WITHDRAWAL RIGHTS 5. ensuring CONFIDENTIALITY + privacy of participants 6. REPORTING results honestly 7. DEBRIEFING participants and making the results available to them |
| ethical data collection | sociologists have an obligation to ensure confidentiality is maintained throughout the data collection process and must also protect the participant's privacy |
| privacy | - refers to a person's desire to control the access of others to themselves eg. using pseudonyms to protect identity |
| confidentiality | - refers to the researcher's agreement with the participant about how the participant's identifiable information will be handled, managed and disseminated - how data will be stored (eg. locked in a safe) and destroyed one the research concludes |
| difference between privacy + confidentiality | - privacy concerns people, confidentiality concerns data (personal info is not connected to data) - the research proposal MUST outline strategies to maintain confidentiality |
| informed consent | - sociologists must seek informed consent from individuals or groups directly involved in the research undertaken - consent of a parent or guardian should be sought if the individual is underage or incapable |
| participants MUST be informed of: | - the purpose and nature of the research, including possible implications - the right to freedom of choice to participate and withdraw |
| types of data | - primary resources - secondary resources |
| primary resources | - original sources of evidence that haven't been altered or interpreted by another author at a later date eg. recordings, interviews, letters, diaries, etc. |
| secondary resources | - data collected after the period being written about and is usually produced by a person who did not experience the event first-hand either - either a later recollection of an event or an interpretation of a primary source |
| hazara - political barriers | - the Mildura City Rural Council website is in complete English |
| qualitative data | - describes qualities or characteristics eg. interviews, images, etc |
| quantitative data | - measures of values or counts and are expressed in numerical form eg. statistics |
| purpose of ethical methodology | - treat participants with respect and ensure that they are protected from any potential harm |
Created by:
cmunners
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