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General Nutrition 1
Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | The science that studies food. |
| Nutients | Chemical substances critical for human growth and function. |
| Organic Nutrients | Contain Carbon and Hydrogen, essential components of all living organisms. |
| Name the organic nutrients essential for all living organisms. | Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Vitamins |
| Inorganic Nutrients | Do NOT contain carbon and hydrogen. |
| Name the inorganic nutrients. | Water Minerals |
| Maronutrients | Required in relatively large amounts. |
| Carbohydrates | -Primary fuel source for the bod, especially for neurological functioning and physical exercise. -Composed of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
| In what foods can Carbohydrates be found in? | Grains (wheat,rice) Vegetables Fruits Legumes (lentils,beans,peas) Seeds Nuts Milk Products |
| Lipids | -A diverse group of substances that are largely insoluble in water -Composed of C, H, and O -Main energy source during rest or low to moderate- intensity exercise -Provide fat-soluble vitamins |
| Where are lipids stored? | As adipose tissue (body fat) |
| Proteins | -Composed of C, H, and N -Builds new cells/tissues -Maintains bones and repairs damage -Regulates metabolism and fluid balance |
| In what foods can Protein be found in? | Meat Dairy Seeds Nuts Legumes Small amounts in grains and vegtables |
| Miconutrients | Required in relatively small amounts. |
| Vitamins | -Build and maintain healthy bones and tissues -Support immune system -Ensure healthy vision -Do NOT contain or supply energy to our bodies -Help us utilize the energy derived from macronutrients -Can be destroyed by light, heat, air, etc. |
| What are the two types of vitamins? | Fat-soluble and water-soluble |
| What are some of the names and distinguishing features of fat-soluble vitamins? | Vitamin- A,D,E,K -Stored in the human body -Toxicity can occur from consuming excess amounts which accumulate in the body |
| What are some of the names and distinguishing features of water-soluble vitamins? | Vitamin- B and C and thiamine, riboflavin, vitamin B6,vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folate. -Not stored in the body -Excess excreted in urine -Toxicity generally only occurs as a result of vitamin supplementation |
| Minerals | -Regulate fluid and energy production -Support bone and blood health -Remove harmful metabolic by-products -Exist in the simplest possible form -Can't be broken down further or destroyed by heat/light |
| What are two typed of minerals? | Trace and major |
| What are some of the major minerals and its distinguishing features? | -Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, and sulfur -Needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day -Amount present in the human body is greater than 5g |
| What are some of the trace minerals and its distinguishing features? | -Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, iodine -Needed in amounts less than 100 mg/day -Amount present in the human body is less than 5g |
| Water | -Fluid balance -Energy production -Regulation of nerve impulses, body temperature, and muscle contractions -Nutrient transport -Excretion of waste products |
| DRIs | Dietary Reference Intakes -Expanded on the previous RDA values -Set standards for nutrients that do not have RDA values -For healthy people only -Aim to prevent deficiency diseases and reduce chronic diseases |
| EAR | Estimated Average Requirement -Used to define the RDA -The average daily intake level of a nutrient to meet the need of HALF of the healthy people. |
| RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowance -Meets the needs of 97% to 98% of healthy people |
| AI | Adequate Intake -Recommended average daily nutrient intake level -Used when RDA is not available |
| UL | Tolerable Upper Intake Level -Highest average daily nutrient at levels above the UL increases the potential for toxic effects and health risks |
| EER | Estimated Energy Requirement -Average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance in a health adult -Defined by age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity |
| AMDR | Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges -Ranges of energy intakes from macronutrients that are associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients |
| Anthropometric Assessments | -Provide objective data -Common measurements include height, weight, head circumference in infants, and limb circumference -Require trained personnel and correct tools -Compare standards for age/gender -Assess trends in nutritional status/growth |
| Primary deficiency | When a person does not consume enough of a nutrient, a direct consequence of inadequate intake. |
| Secondary deficiency | -A person cannot absorb enough of a nutrient in his/her body -Too much of a nutrient is excreted from the body -A nutrient is not utilized efficiently by the body |
| Subclinical deficiency | Occurs in the early stage; few or no symptoms are observed. |
| Covert | Symptoms are hidden and requite laboratory tests or other invasive procedures to detect |
| Overt | Symptoms of nutrition deficiency that become obvious |
Created by:
Cunningham101
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