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BYU PdBio 305 Dr. Rhees Endocrinology

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Question
Answer
show anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, ovaries, testes  
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receptor   show
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target cell has how many receptors for a particular hormone?   show
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show when a hormone is present in excess the number of target cell receptors may decrease  
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steroids   show
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show synthesized by modifying amino acids; T3 and T4, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin  
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peptides and proteins   show
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show carrier proteins  
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master gland   show
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show growth hormone GH, Adrenocorticotripic hormone ACTH, Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH, prolactin PRL, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, luteinizing hormone LH, melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH  
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two hormones of posterior pituitary   show
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show posterior  
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the hypothalamus transports hormones down the axons of the neurosecretory cells for which pituitary   show
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show anterior  
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releasing or inhibitory hormones   show
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show GH or somatotropin; stimulates the uptake of amino acids into cells; stims growth of long bones and soft tissues; closure of epiphyseal cartilage stops growth of long bones-puberty (sex hormones)  
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pituitary adenoma causes   show
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show gigantism-excess GH before puberty; acromegaly-excess GH in adults  
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show overgrowth of bone, particularly of the skull and mandible; nose thickened and puffy, large ears, large tongue, large hands, increased sweating, fatigue, and weight gain  
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show lack of GH or GRH before puberty; may also be caused by hypothalamic-pituitary tumor; symptoms-small body, normal proportions; mild obesity w/ lack of appetite  
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show inadequate rise in serum GH after provocative stimulus such as Arginine infusion, oral levodopa, or clonidine  
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show stimulates the production of milk; promotes breast development in pregnancy  
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Thyroid stimulating hormone- TSH   show
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone FSH   show
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show acts with FSH in the development of the follicle, promotes ovulation, responsible for the formation of the corpus luteum, stims corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone, stims production of testosterone by the interstitial cells in males  
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show Promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the adrenal cortex and stims the secretion of the glucocorticoids (cortisol); also affects the secretion of the androgens and the mineralcorticoids (aldosterone). ACTH is a polypeptide that is 39 a  
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show stimulated by GH  
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show stimulates by GH; makes space for bone formation  
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somatomedins   show
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show cell division, enhanced protein sythesis, or bone growth  
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show liver mostly  
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show nutritional status, age, and tissue specific factors  
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what closes the epiphyseal plate?   show
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hormones of the posterior pituitary   show
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show in the hypothalamus and then transported intracellularly to the posterior pituitary from which they are released  
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show stimulate milk secretion and strong uterine contractions  
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milk secretion physiology   show
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uterine contraction physiology   show
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show lack of ADH (often due to damage to the pituitary or the hypothalamus. loss of 75% of ADH secretory neurons is necessary before polyuria is evident)  
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show decrease release of  
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show increase release of  
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show polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, fever, dry tongue, delirium  
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show adrenal medulla; these are epinephrine and norepinephrine (these supplement the action of the sympathetic nervous system)  
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what does the adrenal cortex secrete in general   show
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show secrete catecholamines in the adrenal medulla  
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show mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and gonadocorticoids  
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show zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis  
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other name for mineralcorticoids   show
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other name for glucocorticoids   show
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other name for gonadocorticoids   show
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action of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)   show
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show renin-angiotensin system (angiotensin II)  
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show influence the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; promote vasoconstriction; anti-inflammatory; decrease antibody production  
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show ACTH from the adenohypophysis of the pituitary gland in response to stress  
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show supplement the sex hormones from the gonads  
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addison's disease   show
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show hypersecretion of corticosteroids generally caused by a tumor of the adrenal cortex or by oversecretion of ACTH by the pituitary. Symptoms are puffy face, hyperglycemia, hypertension, decreased antibodies, and muscle weakness  
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show alteration of enzymes required to produce mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids, results in an increase in the production of sex hormones. symptoms: masculinization of females, facial and body hair, acne, paleness, increased muscularity, atrophy of breas  
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what does the thyroid gland produce   show
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show two laterla lobes interconnected by an isthmus (neck area)  
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show spherical sacs called thyroid follicles. Humans have about one million follicles. Each follicle is lined with principal cells which synthesize T3 and T4 and contain a protein-rich fluid called colloid. Between the follicles are perifollicular cells whi  
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action of triiodothyronine and thyroxine   show
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regulation of T3 and T4   show
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Action of Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)   show
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show calcium levels in the blood  
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show insufficient secretion of T4 and T3 in infants and children. Stunted growth, thickened facial features, large protruding tongue, abnormal bone growth, mental retardation, decreased metabolic rate, general lethargy. Treat with T3 and T4  
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show insufficient secretion of T4 and T3 in adults. Weight gain, slow pulse, dry brittle hair, decreased basal metabolic rate, lack of energy, sensation of coldness, diminished perspiration, weakness. treat with T3 and T4  
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show a pathological enlargment of the thyroid gland due to insufficient iodine intake. Take iodine.  
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graves' disease (thyroxicosis)   show
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what percent of calcium is in crystalline form   show
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lf the non crystalline calcium, what percent is in cells and what percent is in extracellular fluid   show
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show produce calcitonin in the thyroid gland; lower the blood calcium and phosphates by: 1. decreasing bone resorption by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts 2. stimulating urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate by inhibiting their reabsorption in the k  
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parathyroid glands   show
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show death in a few days from hypocalcemia  
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show stimulates the activity of osteoclasts to reabsorb bone (remove Ca++ from bones), stims the kidneys to reabsorb ca++ from the filtrate, promotes the formation of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3  
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show helps raise the plasma calcium and phosphate levels by stimulating 1. intestinal absorption of Ca++ and Phosphate 2. reabsorption of Ca++ from bones 3. renal absorption of ca++ and phosphate so that less is excreted in the urine  
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show usually caused by a tumor in one of the parathyroid glands. Is characterized by hypercalcemia- muscle weakness, neurological disorders, decreased alertness, poor memory  
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hypoparathyroidism   show
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endocrine gland in the pancreas   show
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show elevates blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis in the liver, this helps the body maintain sufficient blood glucose levels during fasting and starvation  
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Insulin   show
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diabetes mellitus   show
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genetic factors in diabetes mellitus   show
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other possible causes (not hereditary) of diabetes mellitus   show
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two types of diabetes mellitus   show
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type I insulin-dependent (juvenile onset) diabetes mellitus   show
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show 90-95% of diabetes, injections not required, patient usually obese, may use oral hypoglycemic drugs to stimulate insulin release from beta cells, insulin resistance is a factor for 60-80% of patients with type II diabetes  
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show oral glucose tolerance test; oral administration of 1.75 g/Kg of glucose after at least 3 days on a 300 g carbohydrate diet  
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show glycosuria, polyuria (glucose acts as an osmotic diuretic), polydipsia, hyperglycemia, weakness, loss of weight, acetone breath (ketoacidosis), acetone in the urine  
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increased risk of infection due to diabetes mellitus   show
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insulin excess results in   show
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gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)   show
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show transporter that moves glucose across the membrane  
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