Patho ii final
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| Name the 3 layers of the heart wall | Epicardium
Endocardium
Myocardium
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| Name the 4 cardiac valves in order of location as blood passes through the heart | Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semi lunar vavle
Mitral vavle
Aortic semi lunar valve
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| What is the function of the bundle of His | Only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles
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| What structures are contained within the mediastinum | Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus, Lymph nodes, Great vessels
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| The apex of the heart is | Inferior
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| Cardiac tamponade is the compression of the heart due to | Fluid build up with in the pericardium
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| The apex of the lung is | Superior
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| There are how many layers of pericardium | 2
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| A _________ revascularization (TRM) is performed on pts who are not good canidates for CABG | Transmyocardial
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| The hilum of the lung is on which side | Medial
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| Instrument sets for thoracic procedures are equipped with instruments needed to remove a | Rib
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| Which artery is for oxygenation of blood | Pulmonary
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| Removing a piece of the lung smaller than a segment is called | Wedge resection
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| Hyaline cartilage | Elastic connective tissue that covers the ends of bones
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| Tamponade | Pathological compression of an anatomical part
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| Diastole | Resting phase of the cardiac cycle
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| Stent | Inserted to support luminous structures while allowing passage of fluids
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| Endocardium | Inner lining of the heart wall in all of the hearts chambers and valves
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| Tachycardia | Fast heart rate, more than 100 bpm
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| Atria | Upper chambers of the heart that recieves blood
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| Infarction | An area of dead tissue caused by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood
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| Alveoli | Terminal ends of the bronchioles forming grape-like clusters within the lungs
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| Bradycardia | Slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm
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| Cardiac cycle | Includes everything that occurs within the heart during a single heart beat
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| Myocardium | Heart muscle made of specially constructed cardiac muscle cells that contract and force blood from the hearts chambers
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| angio- | vessel
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| arter- | artery
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| ather- | yellowish plaque
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| brachi- | arm
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| cardi- | heart
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| coron- | heart
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| cyan- | blue
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| ox- | oxygen
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| phleb- | vein
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| sphygm- | pulse
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| steth- | chest
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| thrombo- | clot
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| vas- | vessel
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| vascul- | vascular
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| algia- | pain
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| epi- | above
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| encepal- | brain
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| myel- | spinal cord
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| radicul- | nerve root
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| algesia- | sensitivity to pain
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| comat- | deep sleep
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| lepsy- | seizer
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| paresis- | weakness
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| plegia | paralysis
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| subdural | under skin
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| epidural | above skin
dura matter
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| hemo- | blood
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| CNS | central nervous system
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| TIA (stroke) | trans ischemia attack
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| CAD | coronary artery disease
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| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft
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| PVC | premature ventricular contraction
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| MI | myocardial infarction
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| DVT | deep vein thrombosis
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| sephal | head
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| I. olfactory nerve | smell
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| II. optic nerve | central and peripheral vision
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| III. oculomotor nerve | eye movement (focus) pupillary constriction
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| IV. trochlear nerve | eye movement (down toward the tip of the nose)
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| V. trigeminal nerve | forehead and scalp sensation; cheek sensation; chewing
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| VI. abducens nerve | eye movement to the sides
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| VII. facial nerve | face and scalp movement; taste; ear sensation facial movement; expressions
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| VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve | hearing; balance
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| IX. glossopharyngeal nerve | tongue and throat sensations; throat movement
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| X. vagus nerve | peristalsis; blood pressure; heart rate; coughing; sneezing
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| XI. accessory nerve | swallowing; head and shoulder movements
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| XII. hypoglossal nerve | speech; swallowing
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| sensory nerve fibers | to the brain
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| motor nerve fibers | away from the brain to muscles and organs
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| thalamus | relay station for sensory impulses-pain
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| hypothalamus | body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions
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| cerebellum | co-ordination of voluntary movement and balance
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| brain-stem | lower extension is where spinal cord attaches, cranial nerves come from the brain stem area. respiratory and cardiac regulation, level of awareness, reticular activating system
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| midbrain | center for visual reflexes (eye and head movement)
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| pons | breathing, eyes
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| medulla oblongata | nerve fibers cross-over here, regulate body functions
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| brain stem order inferior to superior | midbrain; pons; medulla oblongata
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| cerebrum | thinking, personality, sensations, movement and memory, largest portion
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| temporal lobe | hearing, understanding speech
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| rt temporal lobe | visual memory
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| lt temporal lobe | verbal memory
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| parietal lobe | body sensations
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| occipital | vision
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| frontal | thought processes, behavior and personality
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| basal ganglia | gray matter, coordinate between cerebellum for smooth movement
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| diencephalons | gray matter, includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland and pineal. body temp regulation, pituitary control, ANS response, includes: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus
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| mesencephalon or midbrain | contains white and gray matter, reflex center, coordinate muscle movement
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| pleura | a thin serous membrane that encloses the lungs
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| prolapse | to fall or slip out of normal anatomical position
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| systole | contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
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| infiltration | accumulation or diffusion of a forgein substance into tissue
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| mediastinum | area in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the thorax between the lungs
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| oxygenated | saturated with oxygen
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| pericardium | the sac that surrounds the heart
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| arrhythmia | absence of cardiac rhythm
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| aneurysm | sac made by localized dilation of artery walls due to structural weakening
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| ventricles | the lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria
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| carnia | inferior tracheal cartilage projecting from the tracheal cartilage
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| ductus arteriosus | a fetal blood vessel that joins the aorta and pulmonary artery
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| tricuspid valve | regulates blood flow between the rt atrium and rt ventricle
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| pulmonary valve | controls blood flow from the rt ventricle into the pulmonary arteries; which carries blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen
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| mitral valve | lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the lt atrium into the lt ventricle
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| aortic valve | lets oxygen-rich blood pass from the lt ventricle into the aorta, your largest artery; which then delivers blood to the rest of the body
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| the average adult has approx. _____ liters of blood | 5
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| _________ muscle helps move venous blood | skeletal
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| _______ _______ is the inner layer of a vessel | tunica interna
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| what is the self retainging retractor of choice for peripheral vascular procedures | weitlaner
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| another name for the brachiocephalic artery is the _________ artery | innominate
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| a ____ ____ saves the pts blood for auto transfusion | cell saver
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| _____________ is wwhen a blood vessel dilates | vasodilation
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| fogarty catheter | used to facilitate the removal of an embolus
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| phrenic | pertaining to the diaphragm
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| morbidity | pertaining to disease
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| occlusion | an obstruction
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| dissecting | splitting apart; going between layers; separating
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| claudication | severe pain in the muscle of the lower leg due to poor blood circulation
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| bifurcation | division into two branches; Y shaped
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| contralateral | the opposite side
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| patency | the condition of being wide open
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| aventitia | the outermost layer of an artery; composed of elastic connective tissue
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| pledgets | small squares of Teflon sutured over holes in vessels
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| ischemia | lack of oxygenated blood supply to an area or organ of the body
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| valve | membranous fold that prevents the backflow of material passing through
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| mitigate | to reduce the effects
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| sinus | a dilated channel for venous blood
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| innominate | an unnamed structure
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| in situ | at the site of origin; in its normal place
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| diastole | resting phase of the cardiac cycle
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| thrombus | a stationary blood clot within a blood vessel
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| mortality | pertaining to death
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| plethysmography | useful in pts with diffuse small vessel arterial disease
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| papavarine | a smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of cardiovascular spasms
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| occlude | to close off
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| intima | inner layer of the arterial vessel wall
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| capillary | where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
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| embolus | moves around in the circulatory system until it gets lodged in a vessel
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| located between the rt atrium and rt ventricle | tricuspid valve
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| located at the base of the aorta | aortic semi-lunar valve
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| blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium | mitral valve
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| lower chambers of the heart | ventricles
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| fibrous cords attached to the cusps of valves on the ventricle side | chordactendineae
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| water in the brain | hydrocephalus
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| tough outer layer of the meninges | dura matter
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| integration | bringing together several components or functions to facilitate harmony
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| intracranial pressure (ICP) | pressure produced within the cranium
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the nerves linking the various body parts to the central nervous system
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| sympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS responsible for the flight or fight mechanism
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| glioma | a group of malignant tumors composed of glial cells
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| central nervous system CNS | the main component that coordinates and controls the bodys activities
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| abscess | an area of broken down tissue containing pus and liquefied tissue
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| autonomic nervous system ANS | responsible for smooth muscle contraction
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| dysraphism | incomplete closure or faulty fusion
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| epidural | above or outside the dura matter
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| transient ischemic attack TIA | intermittent cerebrovascular insufficiancy due to partial arterial blockage
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| transsphenoidal | across or through the sphenoid bone
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| acute | a sever short term condition
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| circle of willis | a complex vascular network located at the base of the brain
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| meninges | three tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord
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| cerebrum | the largest section of the brain
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| parasympathetic nervous system PNS | part of the ANS that restores homeostatic balance and conserves energy
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| hematoma | a localized collection of extravasated blood that is often clotted
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| radiculopathy | pain, numbness, and tingling due to compression of a spinal nerve root
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| extruded | forced out of position
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| osteophyte | an abnormal bony growth
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| decompress | to relieve pressure
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