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ch. 22, 23, 24
Patho ii final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the 3 layers of the heart wall | Epicardium Endocardium Myocardium |
| Name the 4 cardiac valves in order of location as blood passes through the heart | Tricuspid valve Pulmonary semi lunar vavle Mitral vavle Aortic semi lunar valve |
| What is the function of the bundle of His | Only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles |
| What structures are contained within the mediastinum | Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus, Lymph nodes, Great vessels |
| The apex of the heart is | Inferior |
| Cardiac tamponade is the compression of the heart due to | Fluid build up with in the pericardium |
| The apex of the lung is | Superior |
| There are how many layers of pericardium | 2 |
| A _________ revascularization (TRM) is performed on pts who are not good canidates for CABG | Transmyocardial |
| The hilum of the lung is on which side | Medial |
| Instrument sets for thoracic procedures are equipped with instruments needed to remove a | Rib |
| Which artery is for oxygenation of blood | Pulmonary |
| Removing a piece of the lung smaller than a segment is called | Wedge resection |
| Hyaline cartilage | Elastic connective tissue that covers the ends of bones |
| Tamponade | Pathological compression of an anatomical part |
| Diastole | Resting phase of the cardiac cycle |
| Stent | Inserted to support luminous structures while allowing passage of fluids |
| Endocardium | Inner lining of the heart wall in all of the hearts chambers and valves |
| Tachycardia | Fast heart rate, more than 100 bpm |
| Atria | Upper chambers of the heart that recieves blood |
| Infarction | An area of dead tissue caused by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood |
| Alveoli | Terminal ends of the bronchioles forming grape-like clusters within the lungs |
| Bradycardia | Slow heart rate, less than 60 bpm |
| Cardiac cycle | Includes everything that occurs within the heart during a single heart beat |
| Myocardium | Heart muscle made of specially constructed cardiac muscle cells that contract and force blood from the hearts chambers |
| angio- | vessel |
| arter- | artery |
| ather- | yellowish plaque |
| brachi- | arm |
| cardi- | heart |
| coron- | heart |
| cyan- | blue |
| ox- | oxygen |
| phleb- | vein |
| sphygm- | pulse |
| steth- | chest |
| thrombo- | clot |
| vas- | vessel |
| vascul- | vascular |
| algia- | pain |
| epi- | above |
| encepal- | brain |
| myel- | spinal cord |
| radicul- | nerve root |
| algesia- | sensitivity to pain |
| comat- | deep sleep |
| lepsy- | seizer |
| paresis- | weakness |
| plegia | paralysis |
| subdural | under skin |
| epidural | above skin dura matter |
| hemo- | blood |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| TIA (stroke) | trans ischemia attack |
| CAD | coronary artery disease |
| CABG | coronary artery bypass graft |
| PVC | premature ventricular contraction |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| DVT | deep vein thrombosis |
| sephal | head |
| I. olfactory nerve | smell |
| II. optic nerve | central and peripheral vision |
| III. oculomotor nerve | eye movement (focus) pupillary constriction |
| IV. trochlear nerve | eye movement (down toward the tip of the nose) |
| V. trigeminal nerve | forehead and scalp sensation; cheek sensation; chewing |
| VI. abducens nerve | eye movement to the sides |
| VII. facial nerve | face and scalp movement; taste; ear sensation facial movement; expressions |
| VIII. vestibulocochlear nerve | hearing; balance |
| IX. glossopharyngeal nerve | tongue and throat sensations; throat movement |
| X. vagus nerve | peristalsis; blood pressure; heart rate; coughing; sneezing |
| XI. accessory nerve | swallowing; head and shoulder movements |
| XII. hypoglossal nerve | speech; swallowing |
| sensory nerve fibers | to the brain |
| motor nerve fibers | away from the brain to muscles and organs |
| thalamus | relay station for sensory impulses-pain |
| hypothalamus | body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions |
| cerebellum | co-ordination of voluntary movement and balance |
| brain-stem | lower extension is where spinal cord attaches, cranial nerves come from the brain stem area. respiratory and cardiac regulation, level of awareness, reticular activating system |
| midbrain | center for visual reflexes (eye and head movement) |
| pons | breathing, eyes |
| medulla oblongata | nerve fibers cross-over here, regulate body functions |
| brain stem order inferior to superior | midbrain; pons; medulla oblongata |
| cerebrum | thinking, personality, sensations, movement and memory, largest portion |
| temporal lobe | hearing, understanding speech |
| rt temporal lobe | visual memory |
| lt temporal lobe | verbal memory |
| parietal lobe | body sensations |
| occipital | vision |
| frontal | thought processes, behavior and personality |
| basal ganglia | gray matter, coordinate between cerebellum for smooth movement |
| diencephalons | gray matter, includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland and pineal. body temp regulation, pituitary control, ANS response, includes: thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus |
| mesencephalon or midbrain | contains white and gray matter, reflex center, coordinate muscle movement |
| pleura | a thin serous membrane that encloses the lungs |
| prolapse | to fall or slip out of normal anatomical position |
| systole | contraction phase of the cardiac cycle |
| infiltration | accumulation or diffusion of a forgein substance into tissue |
| mediastinum | area in the thoracic cavity in the middle of the thorax between the lungs |
| oxygenated | saturated with oxygen |
| pericardium | the sac that surrounds the heart |
| arrhythmia | absence of cardiac rhythm |
| aneurysm | sac made by localized dilation of artery walls due to structural weakening |
| ventricles | the lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria |
| carnia | inferior tracheal cartilage projecting from the tracheal cartilage |
| ductus arteriosus | a fetal blood vessel that joins the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| tricuspid valve | regulates blood flow between the rt atrium and rt ventricle |
| pulmonary valve | controls blood flow from the rt ventricle into the pulmonary arteries; which carries blood to your lungs to pick up oxygen |
| mitral valve | lets oxygen-rich blood from your lungs pass from the lt atrium into the lt ventricle |
| aortic valve | lets oxygen-rich blood pass from the lt ventricle into the aorta, your largest artery; which then delivers blood to the rest of the body |
| the average adult has approx. _____ liters of blood | 5 |
| _________ muscle helps move venous blood | skeletal |
| _______ _______ is the inner layer of a vessel | tunica interna |
| what is the self retainging retractor of choice for peripheral vascular procedures | weitlaner |
| another name for the brachiocephalic artery is the _________ artery | innominate |
| a ____ ____ saves the pts blood for auto transfusion | cell saver |
| _____________ is wwhen a blood vessel dilates | vasodilation |
| fogarty catheter | used to facilitate the removal of an embolus |
| phrenic | pertaining to the diaphragm |
| morbidity | pertaining to disease |
| occlusion | an obstruction |
| dissecting | splitting apart; going between layers; separating |
| claudication | severe pain in the muscle of the lower leg due to poor blood circulation |
| bifurcation | division into two branches; Y shaped |
| contralateral | the opposite side |
| patency | the condition of being wide open |
| aventitia | the outermost layer of an artery; composed of elastic connective tissue |
| pledgets | small squares of Teflon sutured over holes in vessels |
| ischemia | lack of oxygenated blood supply to an area or organ of the body |
| valve | membranous fold that prevents the backflow of material passing through |
| mitigate | to reduce the effects |
| sinus | a dilated channel for venous blood |
| innominate | an unnamed structure |
| in situ | at the site of origin; in its normal place |
| diastole | resting phase of the cardiac cycle |
| thrombus | a stationary blood clot within a blood vessel |
| mortality | pertaining to death |
| plethysmography | useful in pts with diffuse small vessel arterial disease |
| papavarine | a smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of cardiovascular spasms |
| occlude | to close off |
| intima | inner layer of the arterial vessel wall |
| capillary | where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs |
| embolus | moves around in the circulatory system until it gets lodged in a vessel |
| located between the rt atrium and rt ventricle | tricuspid valve |
| located at the base of the aorta | aortic semi-lunar valve |
| blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium | mitral valve |
| lower chambers of the heart | ventricles |
| fibrous cords attached to the cusps of valves on the ventricle side | chordactendineae |
| water in the brain | hydrocephalus |
| tough outer layer of the meninges | dura matter |
| integration | bringing together several components or functions to facilitate harmony |
| intracranial pressure (ICP) | pressure produced within the cranium |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the nerves linking the various body parts to the central nervous system |
| sympathetic nervous system | division of the ANS responsible for the flight or fight mechanism |
| glioma | a group of malignant tumors composed of glial cells |
| central nervous system CNS | the main component that coordinates and controls the bodys activities |
| abscess | an area of broken down tissue containing pus and liquefied tissue |
| autonomic nervous system ANS | responsible for smooth muscle contraction |
| dysraphism | incomplete closure or faulty fusion |
| epidural | above or outside the dura matter |
| transient ischemic attack TIA | intermittent cerebrovascular insufficiancy due to partial arterial blockage |
| transsphenoidal | across or through the sphenoid bone |
| acute | a sever short term condition |
| circle of willis | a complex vascular network located at the base of the brain |
| meninges | three tissue membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebrum | the largest section of the brain |
| parasympathetic nervous system PNS | part of the ANS that restores homeostatic balance and conserves energy |
| hematoma | a localized collection of extravasated blood that is often clotted |
| radiculopathy | pain, numbness, and tingling due to compression of a spinal nerve root |
| extruded | forced out of position |
| osteophyte | an abnormal bony growth |
| decompress | to relieve pressure |
Created by:
E.Ochoa
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