Industrialization & Development
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| Agricultural labor force | is the number of people who work in agriculture
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| Calorie consumption | a percentage of daily requirement is an important index of development
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| The Core-periphery model | describes the pattern of distribution of the MDCs and LDCs.
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| Cultural Convergence | the change in culture that occurs as diffusion of ideas and technology increases
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| Dependency theory | states that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force.
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| Development | the improvement in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge
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| Energy consumption | an index of development
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| Foreign direct investment | investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs
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| Gender | an important developmental factor
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| Gross domestic product (GDP) | the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country
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| Gross national product (GNP) | similar to GDP except that includes income that people earn abroad.
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| Human Development Index (HDI) | an aggregate index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy and education, and life expectancy.
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| Levels of development | countries are classified into include MDCs (more developed countries) and LDCs (less developed countries).
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| Measures of development | used to distinguish LDCs from MDCs. They include GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, caloric intake, etc.
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| Neocolonialism | refers to the economic control that MDCs are sometimes believed to have over LDCs.
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| The Physical Quality of Life index | another development index. It is based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age one.
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| Purchasing power parity | an index of income related to GDP.
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| Rostow's Model | “Stages of Growth” model of economic development.
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| Technology gap | The difference in technologies used and/or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups, etc., where one is more advanced than the other.
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| Technology transfer | process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilities developed under federal research and development funding are utilized to fulfill public and private needs
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| Third World | countries in the developing world independent of their political status (developing countries)
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| World Systems Theory | refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the “capitalist world economy” as a “total social system”
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| Bid rent theory | refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD increases
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| Assembly line production/Fordism | industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations, each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible
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| Air pollution | concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air, human causes include mainly motor vehicles, industry, and power plants
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| Agglomeration economies | refers to benefits or advantages (savings, cost reductions, etc.) resulting from the spatial clustering of activities and/or people
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| Acid rain | - tiny droplets of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere that dissolve in water and return to Earth’s surface
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| “Stages of Growth” Model | linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common pattern of structural change
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| Rostow, W. W | economist, developed the “Stages of Growth” model in the late 1950s
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| Aluminum industry | U.S. companies are the largest single producer with plants in 35 states producing about $39.1 billion in products and exports.
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