ap human unit 6 vocabulary
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| Agricultural forces | is the number of people who work in agriculture. This is important because a large value indicates that the country is likely an LDC dependent on agriculture
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| calorie consumption | as a percentage of daily requirement is an important index of development. People in MDCs generally consume more than 130% of their daily requirements, but most people in LDCs barely get enough to sustain
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| Core-periphery model | describes the pattern of distribution of the MDCs and LDCs. When the earth is viewed from the North Pole, the MDCs are clustered near the center of the map while the LDCs are near the edges.
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| Cultural Convergence | is the change in culture that occurs as diffusion of ideas and technology increases. An example is the culture of LDCs becoming more like that of their former colonial power (an MDC).
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| Dependency theory | states that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force.
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| Development | is the improvement in material conditions of a place as a result of diffusion of technology and knowledge. This is important because it is a main goal for most of the planet’s regions and development will help solve many problems.
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| Energy consumption | is an index of development. MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita than do LDCs. This will be important in the future because as LDCs begin to industrialize, there will be a great strain on the world’s energy supply.
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| Foreign direct investment | is investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs. However, all countries are not recipients of this investment. Brazil, China and Mexico were the LDCs that received most of the investment.
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| Gender | is an important developmental factor. A great difference in development between the genders is found primarily in LDCs, especially in the Middle East. Differences exist primarily in income and in literacy rate.
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| gross domestic product | is the total value of goods and services produced in a year in a given country. The value varies greatly between MDCs and LDCs and is one of the best indicators of development. Fast growth of GDP is a major goal of all countries.
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| Gross national product | is similar to GDP except that includes income that people earn abroad.
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| Human Development Index | is an aggregate index of development, which takes into account economic, social and demographic factors, using GDP, literacy and education, and life expectancy.
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| Levels of development | that countries are classified into include MDCs (more developed countries) and LDCs (less developed countries).
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| Measures of development | are used to distinguish LDCs from MDCs. They include GDP, literacy rate, life expectancy, caloric intake, etc.
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| Neocolonialism | refers to the economic control that MDCs are sometimes believed to have over LDCs. Through organizations such as the IMF, the MDCs are able to dictate precisely what LDCs economic policies are, or are able to use their economic subsidies to put LDCs in
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| Physical Quality of life | index is another development index. It is based on literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and life expectancy at age one.
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| Purchase power parity | is an index of income related to GDP. Unlike GDP however, PPP takes into account price differences between countries.
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| W.W. Rostow | developed the “Stages of Growth” model of economic development.
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| Technology gap | The difference in technologies used and/or developed in two companies, countries, ethnic groups, etc., where one is more advanced than the other.
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| Tecdhnology transfer | process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilities developed under federal research and development funding are utilized to fulfill public and private needs
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| Third world | countries in the developing world independent of their political status (developing countries) - Important because it is a classification to explain differences between the countries of the world.
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| World system theory | refers to perspective that seeks to explain the dynamics of the “capitalist world economy” as a “total social system”
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| Bid rent theory | refers to how the price and demand on land changes as the distance towards the CBD increases - Important because it provides an explanation as to the spatial distribution of urban areas.
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| Assembly line production/fordism | industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of work pieces in mass production operations, each movement of material is made as simple and short as possible
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| Air pollution | concentration of trace substances at a greater level than occurs in average air, human causes include mainly motor vehicles, industry, and power plants
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| Agglomeration Economics | refers to benefits or advantages (savings, cost reductions, etc.) resulting from the spatial clustering of activities and/or people
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| Acid rain | tiny droplets of sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere that dissolve in water and return to Earth’s surface - Important because it has damaged lakes, killing fish and plants.
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| "Stages of Growth" Model | linear theory of development that developed countries go through a common pattern of structural change (1-Traditional Society, 2-Transitional Stage, 3-Take Off, 4-Drive to Maturity, 5-High Mass Consumption) - Important because it explains the development
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| Rostow W.W. | economist, developed the “Stages of Growth” model in the late 1950s - Important because he developed the model that is frequently referred to.
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| Aluminum Industry | U.S. companies are the largest single producer with plants in 35 states producing about $39.1 billion in products and exports. U.S. supply is comprised of three sources, primary, imports and recycled
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