BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Cardiac Physiology
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| show | a thin layer of endothelium in the heart
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| Myocardium | show 🗑
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| show | thin external layer covering the heart
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| show | SA node or pacemaker;located within the posterior wall of the right atrium; rhythmic impulses originate in the SA node and spread through the atria
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| show | AV node; located within the lower right interatrial septum; an impulse is delayed there for about 1/10 of a second to allow the atria to contract before ventricular contraction
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| show | AV bundle or bundle of HIS; originiates in the AV node, dividing into two bundle branches which extend down the two sides of the interventricualr septum
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| Purkinje fibers | show 🗑
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| show | sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses, hormones, body temp., exercise, and emotions
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| Systole | show 🗑
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| show | the phase of relaxation
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| 4 steps of cardiac cycle | show 🗑
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| show | the atria and ventricles are relaxed, the tricuspid and mitral valves are open, and the aortic and pulmonary valves are closed. Blood flows passively from the atria into the ventricles, with 65% to 85% of ventricular filling occurring before the end of t
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| show | atria contract ad pump the additional 20-30% of the blood into the ventricles. As the atria contract, the vena cava and pulmonary veins narrow; there is some regurgitation. There is about 135 ml of blood in each ventricle.
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| show | pressure changes and the AV valves close “lub”. All 4 valves are closed (isovolumetric ventricular contraction phase). When the pressure on the right exceeds 10 mm Hg and the left exceeds 80 mm Hg the pulmonary and aortic valves open.
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| show | Atria repolarize/relax, ventricles depolarize, QRS complex in ECG, ventricles contract, rising pressure closes AV valves, first heart sound (lupp) all 4 valves closed, no blood can leave/enter the ventricles.
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| Stroke volume | show 🗑
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| show | Amount of blood remaining in either ventricle at the end of systole, about 60ml
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| show | as the ventricles relax, pressure drops; the pulmonary and aortic valves close, preventing backflow “dub”. The tricuspid and mutral valves open, and blod flows from the atria into the ventricles
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| Pulse pressure | show 🗑
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| show | excitement, anger, pain, hypoxia, exercise, epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, fever, inspiration
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| bradycardia | show 🗑
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| tachycardia | show 🗑
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| factors that decrease heart rate | show 🗑
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| show | strength of contraction
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| show | the greater the filling during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
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| catecholamines | show 🗑
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| digitalis | show 🗑
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| show | frank starling, catecholamines, xanthines, digitalis
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| show | rate of contraction- Positive is anything speeding heart rate and Negative is anything slowing heart rate down
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| show | chronotropic and inotropic
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| show | increase rate and force of contraction, uses norepinephrine to increase permeability to Na and Ca
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| show | decrease rate and force of contraction, S.A node-right vagus, A.V. node- left vagus, uses acetylcholine to increase permeability to K+
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| stroke volume factors | show 🗑
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| show | CO= stroke volume X heart rate
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| factors causing an increase in cardiac output | show 🗑
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| show | sympathetic/parasympathetic impulses, hormones, body temperature, exercise, drugs, emotions, stimulation from exteroceptors
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| cardiac arrhythmia | show 🗑
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| Atrial fibrillation | show 🗑
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| ventricular fibrillation | show 🗑
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| show | lack of blood flow to an area of the heart, may be caused by thrombus formation with blockage of vessels, spasms in the coronary arteries without total occlusion, narrowing caused by atherosclerosis; area is electrically dead
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| symptoms of myocardial infarction | show 🗑
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| show | Right/left pulmonary veins
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| show | Pulmonary trunk/right & left pulmonary arteries
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| What vessels sends deoxygenated blood to right atrium from the body | show 🗑
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| show | Apex of heart/most of mass on posterior side. Pumps oxy blood through aortic semilunar valve to the body.
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| show | Aorta (subclavian, carotids, etc.)
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| Left atrium | show 🗑
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| Right atrium | show 🗑
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| show | Pumps deoxy blood through pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs to become oxygenated (via pulmonary trunk)
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| What does the Q-T interval represent | show 🗑
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| What does the QRS complex represent | show 🗑
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| show | SA node fires, atrial depolarization, atrial systole
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| T wave | show 🗑
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| show | Electrical depolarization and repolarization of the atrium
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| show | A full contraction/relaxation of all four heart chambers
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| What happens when you have Congestive Heart Failure on the right side of the heart | show 🗑
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| show | Right side (pulmonary circuit) is pumping more blood to lungs causing fluid to fill the lungs
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| show | Ventricles repolarize/relax, semi-lunar valves close, AV valves remain closed, 2nd heart sound occurs (dupp), T wave in ECG, no change in volume
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| Coronary circulation | show 🗑
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| Anastomoses in coronary circulation | show 🗑
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| show | Rapid Na2+ voltage-gated channels opening and leaking Na2+ into the cells(peaks at 30mv), Na+2 channels close quikly/neurons need a strong stimulus to activate opening of Na2+ channels
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| show | -90 mv/-70 mv
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| show | Slow Ca2+ channels open and let Ca2+ into cell while K+ channels close. Also called "absolute refractory period." 250msec long (only 1msec in neurons.)
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| What happens to the heart during the plateau phase | show 🗑
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| show | Ca2+ channels close, K+ channels open causing rapid K+ outflow and AP returning to the RMP
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| show | Volume in ventricle at the end of the diastole, about 130ml
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| show | Ventricle filling (atrial systole), isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation
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| When the pressure in the ventricles becomes lower than the pressure in the atria... | show 🗑
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| show | Ach releases from Vagus nerve onto SA node causing K+ channels to open. So you have K+ and Na2+ leaking in at the same time causing it to take longer to get to threshold =slower heart rate
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| Norepinephrine with the sympathetic NS and heart rate | show 🗑
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| What is the pathway of the conduction system | show 🗑
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| Autorhythmicity of cardiac muscle | show 🗑
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| Automaticity of cardiac muscle | show 🗑
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