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BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Cardiac Physiology

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Endocardium   show
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show muscle layer (cardiac muscle)  
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show thin external layer covering the heart  
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show SA node or pacemaker;located within the posterior wall of the right atrium; rhythmic impulses originate in the SA node and spread through the atria  
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show AV node; located within the lower right interatrial septum; an impulse is delayed there for about 1/10 of a second to allow the atria to contract before ventricular contraction  
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Atrioventricular bundle   show
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Purkinje fibers   show
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Factors that may alter the heartbeat rate   show
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show the phase of contraction  
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show the phase of relaxation  
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4 steps of cardiac cycle   show
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mid-diastole   show
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show atria contract ad pump the additional 20-30% of the blood into the ventricles. As the atria contract, the vena cava and pulmonary veins narrow; there is some regurgitation. There is about 135 ml of blood in each ventricle.  
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ventricular systole   show
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Isovolumetric ventricular contraction phase   show
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Stroke volume   show
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show Amount of blood remaining in either ventricle at the end of systole, about 60ml  
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Early diastole   show
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Pulse pressure   show
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factors that increase heart rate   show
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show less than 60 beats/min-sleep, endurance athletes.  
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tachycardia   show
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show expiration, fear, grief  
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inotropic   show
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franks starling's law of the heart   show
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show epinephrine and norepinephrin  
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digitalis   show
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factors that have a positive inotropic effect   show
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show rate of contraction- Positive is anything speeding heart rate and Negative is anything slowing heart rate down  
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show chronotropic and inotropic  
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show increase rate and force of contraction, uses norepinephrine to increase permeability to Na and Ca  
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show decrease rate and force of contraction, S.A node-right vagus, A.V. node- left vagus, uses acetylcholine to increase permeability to K+  
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show Preload, contractility, and afterload. Increase preload or contractility = increase SV. Increased afterload = decreased SV  
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cardiac output   show
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show axiety, eating, exercies, increased body temperture, pregnancy  
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show sympathetic/parasympathetic impulses, hormones, body temperature, exercise, drugs, emotions, stimulation from exteroceptors  
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show deviations from normal heart rate or from normal electrical activity of the conduction system  
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show many ectopic pacemakers in atria; irregular p waves; decrease in cardiac output; QRST look normal  
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show caused by many ventricular ectopic pacemakers, uncoordinated, chaotic twitching, blood pressure drops, unless stopped, death will occur in short time  
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myocardial infarction   show
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symptoms of myocardial infarction   show
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show Right/left pulmonary veins  
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What vessel sends deoxygenated blood to lungs from the heart   show
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What vessels sends deoxygenated blood to right atrium from the body   show
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Left ventricle   show
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What vessels send oxygenated blood to the rest of the body from the heart   show
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show Revieves oxygenated blood from lungs. 4 pulmonary veins, Pumps blood to left ventricle from mitral/bicuspid valve (left AV)  
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Right atrium   show
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show Pumps deoxy blood through pulmonary semilunar valve to the lungs to become oxygenated (via pulmonary trunk)  
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What does the Q-T interval represent   show
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What does the QRS complex represent   show
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P wave   show
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show Ventricular repolarization  
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show Electrical depolarization and repolarization of the atrium  
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Cardiac cycle   show
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What happens when you have Congestive Heart Failure on the right side of the heart   show
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show Right side (pulmonary circuit) is pumping more blood to lungs causing fluid to fill the lungs  
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show Ventricles repolarize/relax, semi-lunar valves close, AV valves remain closed, 2nd heart sound occurs (dupp), T wave in ECG, no change in volume  
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Coronary circulation   show
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Anastomoses in coronary circulation   show
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What causes constant and rapid action potentials/brief depolarization in cardiac muscle vs AP in neurons   show
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What is cardiac muscle's resting membrane potential vs. neuron's   show
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show Slow Ca2+ channels open and let Ca2+ into cell while K+ channels close. Also called "absolute refractory period." 250msec long (only 1msec in neurons.)  
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What happens to the heart during the plateau phase   show
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What happens during the repolarization of the AP in cardiac muscle   show
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show Volume in ventricle at the end of the diastole, about 130ml  
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show Ventricle filling (atrial systole), isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation  
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show The AV valves open  
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show Ach releases from Vagus nerve onto SA node causing K+ channels to open. So you have K+ and Na2+ leaking in at the same time causing it to take longer to get to threshold =slower heart rate  
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Norepinephrine with the sympathetic NS and heart rate   show
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show 1. SA node sets rate of depolar. & generates impulses for contraction, 2. Impulse pauses at AV node to let atria finish contracting, 3. Impulse passes through bundle of his, R/L bundle branches, and perkinje fibers, 4. Ventricular depolar. complete  
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show Regular, spontaneous depolarization from SA node  
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Automaticity of cardiac muscle   show
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