Vocabulary for Microbiology
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| Essential Nutrient | any vitamin, amino acid, nutrient or mineral that cannot be formed by the body and is therefore supplied by the diet
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| Psychrophile | microorganism that thrives at low temperature (0-20 *C)
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| Mesophile | microorganism that grows at intermediate temperatures
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| Thermophile | microorganism that thrives at a temperature of 50*C or higher
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| Hyperthermophile | microorganism that thrives at very high temperatures
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| Photoautotroph | organism that uses light for its energy and CO2 for its carbon needs
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| Chemoautotroph (lithoautotroph) | organism that relies upon inorganic chemicals for its energy and CO2 for its carbon
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| Chemoheterotroph | microorganism that get their nutritional needs from organic compounds
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| Aerobe | microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen
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| Anaerobe | microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen
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| Obligate | without alternative; restricted to a particular characteristic
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| Facultative | capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust to variations, not obligate
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| Microaerophile | aerobic bacterium that requires oxygen at a concentration less than that of the atmosphere
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| Capnophile | microorganism that thrives in high concentrations of CO2
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| Mutualism | organisms living in an obligatory, but mutually beneficial relationship
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| Commensalism | unequal relationship where one organism is benefitted without harming the other
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| Parasitism | a relationship between two organisms where one is harmed and one is benefitted
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| Synergism | correlated action by two or more microbes or drugs that result in a heightened response or greater activity
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| Antagonism | relationship in which organisms compete for survival in a common environment by inhibiting or destroying one another
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| Saprobe | a microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms
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| Biofilm | a complex association that arises from a mixture of microorganisms growing together on the surface of a habitat
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| Generation time | time required for a complete fission cycle- from parent cell to two new daughter cells
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| Lag | early phase of population growth during which no signs of growth occur
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| Exponential | maximum growth rate in the growth curve
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| Stationary | survival mode where cells stop growing
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| Death | end of cell growth due to nutrition lack, depletion of environment, and accumulation of wastes
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| Turbidity | cloudy appearance of nutrient solution in a test tube due to microbial growth
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| Osmosis | diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration
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| Isotonic | two solutions that have the same osmotic pressure, no net movement
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| Hypotonic | having a lower osmotic pressure than a reference solution
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| Hypertonic | having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution
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| Binary fission | formation of two new cells of equal size due to parent cell division
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| Sterilization | any process that completely removes or destroys all viable microorganisms including viruses
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| Disinfection | destruction of pathogenic, nonsporulating microbes or their toxins, usually on inanimate surfaces
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| Antisepsis | chemical treatment to kill or inhibit the growth of all vegetative microorganisms on body surfaces
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| Decontamination | removal or neutralization of an infectious, poisonous, or injurious agent from a site
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| Sanitization | clean inanimate objects using soap so that they are free of high levels of microorganisms
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| Sepsis | the state of putrefaction, the presence of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in tissue or blood
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| Asepsis | a condition free of viable pathogenic microorganisms
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| Degermination | to physically remove surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load
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| Microbial death | death of microbe
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| Thermal Death Time (TDT) | the least amount of time to kill all cells of a culture at a specified temperature
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| Thermal Death Point (TDP) | the lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given quantity of broth culture upon a ten minute exposure
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| Denature | molecular alteration resulting in the loss of normal characteristics
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| Aqueous | water solvent
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| Tinctures | a medicinal substance dissolved in an alcoholic solvent
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| Oligodynamic | chemical having antimicrobial activity in minuscule amounts
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| antibiotic | a chemical substance from one microorganism that can inhibit or kill another microbe even in minute amounts
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| Resistant R factors | plasmids, typically typically shared among bacteria by conjugation that provide resistance to the effects of antibiotics
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| Beta-lactamases | enzyme secreted by certain type of bacteria that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penecillin and cephalosporin and thus provides for resistance against the antibiotic
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| Probiotics | preparations of live microbes used as a preventative or therapeutic measure to displace or compete with potential pathogens
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| Prebiotics | nutrients used to stimulate the growth of favorable biota in the intestine
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| Biota | beneficial or harmless, resident bacteria commonly found on or in the human body
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| Superinfection | an infection occurring during antimicrobial therapy that is caused by an overgrowth of drug resistant microorganisms
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| Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) | the smallest concentration of drug needed to visibly control microbial growth
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| Therapeutic index (TI) | the ratio of the toxic dose to the effective therapeutic dose that is used to access the safety and reliability of the drug
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