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BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Muscle Physiology

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Question
Answer
Motor unit   show
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muscle fibers per motor unit   show
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myoneural junction   show
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show 1)Action potential travels over the axon terminal and triggers the entry and release of clcium into the terminal 2)Ca++ triggers the exocytosis of vesicles of Ach 3)Ach diffuses accross the space and binds with receptors in the muscle cell  
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show 4)Binding brings about the opening of sodium channels generating an action potential in the muscle cell 5)Current flow throughout the muscle cell via the transvers (T) tubule system 6)Ach is broken down by acetylcholinesterase  
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show one to one transmission of acion potentials at a myoneural junction; myoneural junction is always excitatory  
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three types of muscle tissue   show
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show all 3 muscle cell types are derived from it  
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contractile fibers   show
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show elongated, lack cross striations, and under involuntary control, and have one nucleus which is located at the center of the cell  
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smooth muscel cells control contraction of what   show
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myogenic   show
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neurogenic   show
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show cross-striations, one centrally-lcated nucleus, involuntary control, bifurcated to form a synctium  
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skeletal muscle fiber characteristics   show
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show movement of bones, maintenance of body posture, facial expression, and breathing movements  
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sarcolemma   show
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fiber   show
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show cytoplasm in muscle cell  
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show endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell  
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show a muscle fiber contains many small, round parallel bundles (100-1000s) called myofibril  
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show each myofibril is composed of still smaller units called myofilaments  
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show thin contractile protein in the muscle cell  
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show thick contractile protein in the muscle cell  
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Sarcomeres   show
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show dark bands in myofilaments  
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show lighter bands in myofilaments  
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Anisotropic   show
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Isotropic   show
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show lighter central regions of the A bands contain only myosin (no myosin heads)  
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Z line   show
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Actin filaments are composed of   show
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G-actin   show
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F-actin   show
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show 7  
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Troponin I   show
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Troponin T   show
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Troponin C   show
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show thick myofilaments  
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Light meromyosin   show
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Heavy meromyosin   show
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Binding sites on the myosin cross bridge   show
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show when a muscle develops tension but does not shorten  
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show a contraction in which the muscle shortens  
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show when an isolated muscle is attached to a device that senses and records changes in muscle length and the muscle then receives a single stimulus, the contraction response is referred to as a twitch  
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show 1)latent period which is the time from actual stimulation until contraction begins 2)contraction period 3)relaxation period  
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show first muscle twitch is not completely over when the second one begins and thus the muscle is already in a partially contracted state when the second twitch begins, the degree of muscle shortening in the 2nd contraction is greater than with just a single m  
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Tetanus   show
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Slow-twitch fibers   show
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show slow-twitch fibers; the red color is due to the high concentration of myoglobin which binds O2  
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show found mostly in fine, skilled movements and twitch for about 7 msec; fatigue quickly; derive energy from glycolysis; large fibers, high storage of glycogen and few mitochondria  
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White fibers   show
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show has more sarcoplasmic reticulum than slow-twitch muscle; also has fast myosin  
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Causes of muscle fatigue (first 2)   show
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Causes of muscle fatigue (second 2)   show
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle   show
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Intercalated disks   show
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2 functions of intercalated disks   show
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Cardiac muscle cell refractory period   show
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show factors that increase intracellular Ca++ in the cardiac muscle such as catechoamines and digitalis, which slow the heart down, will increase the force of contraction. Cholinergic agents will decrease Ca++ concentrations and decrease the contraction force  
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show the action potential does not release Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum but is released from the extracellular fluid; the increase of Ca++ releases Ca++ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium induced calcium release)  
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What smooth muscle lacks   show
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show slower, requires less energy; innervated by neurons (autonomic nerves); other smooth muscle cells are not innervated and contract in response to hormones or local factors  
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show myosin-regulated; actin and myosin only interact when the myosin is phosphorylated  
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show intracellular messenger that sets off a seris of events that result in the phosphorylation of myosin. Most Ca++ comes from the extracellular fluid  
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show increased intracellular Ca++ binds to and activates calmodulin which binds to and activates another myosin kinase which phosphorylates myosin which binds with actin so cross-bridge cycling can begin  
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Autonomic innervation of smooth muscle cells   show
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Varicosities   show
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Adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)—effects on smooth muscle cells (norepinephrine)   show
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