BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Muscle Physiology
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Motor unit | show 🗑
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muscle fibers per motor unit | show 🗑
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myoneural junction | show 🗑
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show | 1)Action potential travels over the axon terminal and triggers the entry and release of clcium into the terminal 2)Ca++ triggers the exocytosis of vesicles of Ach 3)Ach diffuses accross the space and binds with receptors in the muscle cell
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show | 4)Binding brings about the opening of sodium channels generating an action potential in the muscle cell 5)Current flow throughout the muscle cell via the transvers (T) tubule system 6)Ach is broken down by acetylcholinesterase
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show | one to one transmission of acion potentials at a myoneural junction; myoneural junction is always excitatory
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three types of muscle tissue | show 🗑
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show | all 3 muscle cell types are derived from it
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contractile fibers | show 🗑
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show | elongated, lack cross striations, and under involuntary control, and have one nucleus which is located at the center of the cell
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smooth muscel cells control contraction of what | show 🗑
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myogenic | show 🗑
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neurogenic | show 🗑
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show | cross-striations, one centrally-lcated nucleus, involuntary control, bifurcated to form a synctium
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skeletal muscle fiber characteristics | show 🗑
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show | movement of bones, maintenance of body posture, facial expression, and breathing movements
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sarcolemma | show 🗑
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fiber | show 🗑
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show | cytoplasm in muscle cell
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show | endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell
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show | a muscle fiber contains many small, round parallel bundles (100-1000s) called myofibril
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show | each myofibril is composed of still smaller units called myofilaments
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show | thin contractile protein in the muscle cell
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show | thick contractile protein in the muscle cell
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Sarcomeres | show 🗑
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show | dark bands in myofilaments
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show | lighter bands in myofilaments
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Anisotropic | show 🗑
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Isotropic | show 🗑
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show | lighter central regions of the A bands contain only myosin (no myosin heads)
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Z line | show 🗑
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Actin filaments are composed of | show 🗑
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G-actin | show 🗑
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F-actin | show 🗑
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show | 7
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Troponin I | show 🗑
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Troponin T | show 🗑
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Troponin C | show 🗑
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show | thick myofilaments
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Light meromyosin | show 🗑
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Heavy meromyosin | show 🗑
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Binding sites on the myosin cross bridge | show 🗑
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show | when a muscle develops tension but does not shorten
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show | a contraction in which the muscle shortens
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show | when an isolated muscle is attached to a device that senses and records changes in muscle length and the muscle then receives a single stimulus, the contraction response is referred to as a twitch
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show | 1)latent period which is the time from actual stimulation until contraction begins 2)contraction period 3)relaxation period
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show | first muscle twitch is not completely over when the second one begins and thus the muscle is already in a partially contracted state when the second twitch begins, the degree of muscle shortening in the 2nd contraction is greater than with just a single m
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Tetanus | show 🗑
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Slow-twitch fibers | show 🗑
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show | slow-twitch fibers; the red color is due to the high concentration of myoglobin which binds O2
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show | found mostly in fine, skilled movements and twitch for about 7 msec; fatigue quickly; derive energy from glycolysis; large fibers, high storage of glycogen and few mitochondria
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White fibers | show 🗑
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show | has more sarcoplasmic reticulum than slow-twitch muscle; also has fast myosin
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Causes of muscle fatigue (first 2) | show 🗑
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Causes of muscle fatigue (second 2) | show 🗑
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle | show 🗑
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Intercalated disks | show 🗑
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2 functions of intercalated disks | show 🗑
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Cardiac muscle cell refractory period | show 🗑
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show | factors that increase intracellular Ca++ in the cardiac muscle such as catechoamines and digitalis, which slow the heart down, will increase the force of contraction. Cholinergic agents will decrease Ca++ concentrations and decrease the contraction force
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show | the action potential does not release Ca++ from sarcoplasmic reticulum but is released from the extracellular fluid; the increase of Ca++ releases Ca++ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium induced calcium release)
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What smooth muscle lacks | show 🗑
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show | slower, requires less energy; innervated by neurons (autonomic nerves); other smooth muscle cells are not innervated and contract in response to hormones or local factors
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show | myosin-regulated; actin and myosin only interact when the myosin is phosphorylated
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show | intracellular messenger that sets off a seris of events that result in the phosphorylation of myosin. Most Ca++ comes from the extracellular fluid
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show | increased intracellular Ca++ binds to and activates calmodulin which binds to and activates another myosin kinase which phosphorylates myosin which binds with actin so cross-bridge cycling can begin
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Autonomic innervation of smooth muscle cells | show 🗑
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Varicosities | show 🗑
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Adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)—effects on smooth muscle cells (norepinephrine) | show 🗑
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