1860-1900
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| Chautauqua Movement | 1874 named for its place of origin in New york, this was a four year adult education program designed to teach illiterate adults how to read and write
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| Charles Darwin | 1859, Darwin finished his book, Origin of the species, which supported science, rational thought, and evolution. therories presented in the book conflicted with some of the teachings of the Protestant and Catholic churches.
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| Social Darwinism | This philosphy applied evolution to social studies by stating that the law of the survival of the fittest applied to the human race. poor are lazy rich are hardworking
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| Herbert Spencer | he led the philosophy of social Darwinism and was the first person to coin the phrase " the survival of the fittest"
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| Henry W. Beecher | He was a clergyman who found no basic antagonism between the scientific concepts of evolution and Christian principles.
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| Josiah Strong | A cleric, advocated imperialism and linked it to the survival of the fittest. He said for America to compete they needed to develope an overseas empire. Wanted to make christianity part of every day life. Sided politically with labor
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| Lester F. WArd | wrote dynamic Sociology which argued that the laws of nature could be changed by humans. He specialized in sociology and stated thatsociety had evolved and the government needed to regulate big bussiness and prevent exploration of natural resources.
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| Andrew Carnegie | railroad tycoon who later started U.S. steel, Carnegie supported a Laissez-faire economy. His essay, "the gospel of wealth" confirms his support of a Laissez-faire economy and his support for the law of competition. beleived would bring social benefits
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| Russell Conwell | followed social Darwinism and wrote a poem titled "acres of diamonds" This poem states that hard workers rich and lazy people become poor.
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| Social Gospel, YMCA | was a social movement that helped the poor. The Salvation Army, the YMCA, and the YWCA were all social gospels. The YMCA worked to overcome the dislocation and heatace experienced by thousands of rural Americans.
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| Walter RAuschenbusch | He created the Fabian Socialists, a group that wanted an egalitarian society (a society that promotes human equality) wihout the use of force. He also wrote Chritianity and the Social Crisis, a book that applied jesus' teachings to today
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| Washington Gladden | He was a progressive clergy man who accepted a new scientific ideas and supported a church labor coalition against business
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| Charkes Sheldon | He wrote In His Steps, a book that urged people to follow Jesus's example
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| Dwight L. Moody | He was the leading evangelist against modernism in the NE
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| Mary B. Eddy | She founded Christian Science, a religion which promises physical and spiritual salvation. This religion promotes mind overmatter and teaches people the heal themselves if they are ill.
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| Gilded Age | A sarcastic name given the the post-Civil War era by Mark twain un hus book the giled age. He said that this age looked gold-plated on the outside, but in reality, the core was made of lead
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| Nouveau Riche | Thus is a French phrase meaning" new rich," It is used to refer to those who had recently become wealthy.Included were people, like Carnegie, who acquired their riches throgh business while the "old rich" were people that inherited their wealth.
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| Edward Bellamy | In his book, Progress and Poverty, he critized unequal land distribtion which he beleived led to extreme differences between the social classes. He based his book on his experiences and observations
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| E. L. Godkin | crusaded militantly for civil service reform, honesty n government, anda moderate tariff, In his book, The nation, he criticized the U.S. for the lack of these things.
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| William D. Howells | He was a psendo-realist, he was an autor who centered his attention on the upper-middle class. In his works he presented a realistic picture of a society adjusting itself to a machine-oriented world.
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| Henry James | a Psendo-realist, he was an author who wrote books about the rich and expatriates
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| Stephen Crane | In his novek, The red badge of courage, Stephen Crane recounts a stirring story of a bloodied recruit under fire during the civil war.
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| Hamilin Garland | One of the most serious literacy authors, GArland wrote mainly about the mid-west and the prairie
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| Joel C, HArris | wrote Uncle Remus stories that were about the south. These stories contained a hero and a trickster. Harris used a Black man named Uncle remus to narrate the stories.
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| Bret Harte | He was a serious author of the westerns
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| Mark Twain (Samuel Clemins) | MArk Twain was the pseudonym for samuel clemins. Twain was pronanly the best-known serious literary novelist and satirist at the end of the 19th century
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| Horation Alger | author of the popular literature, Alger wrote a record number of 119 books in 20 years. His books were rags to riches stories in which the characters obtain material possesions and wealth as a way to acheive happiness
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| Realism | This was the ciltural movement after romanticism that dealt with the real aspects of life instead of fantasy or abstract worlds.
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| Thomas EAkins | was a 19th cnetury realist painter
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| Winslow Homer | He was the first American impressionist whose paintings made and emotional impression on the viewer. He was considered the best artist of the period and was best known for his seascapes with lone men struggeling against massive waves.
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| Augustus Saint-Gaudens | the only known American sculptor of this period. His sculptor of this period. His sculptors were unusually large and robust.
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| Joseph Pulitzer | He purchased the new york world in 1883 abd soon made it into the most profitable newspaper in America, He maintained Greeleys position of supporting the underdog and was the innovator of the comics, the sports page, daily political cartoons and articles
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| William Randolph Hearst | became Pulitzer's competitor when he acquired the New York Morning Journal in 1895. The newspaper soon became a powerful chain through Hearst's Yellow journalism tactics.
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| Yellow Journalism | A tactic used by William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. They created fictional and exaggerated atrocities which were centered around sensatioalism and swayed the A,merican public to demand war
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| Susan B. Anthony | she was the founder and leader of the National American Women's sufferage Association (NAWSA), a womens rights movement. She suggested hat the movement concentrate on gaininf sufferage for women.
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| Carrie C. Catt | she was head of the league of women Voters and the NAWSA she had superb organizing gabilities and political skills and was committed to broad social reforms
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| Alice Paul | she headed the Congressional Union which pushed the Womens sufferage movement to a nationa level in 1911 after California allowed women to vote. She also led the Women's Party after the 19th Amendment was passed.
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| Frances Willard WCTU | 1874 Williard headed the Women's Christian Temperance Unin (WCTU) and fught for prohibition
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| Carrie A. Nation | she was the most notorious member of the Anti-Saloon League. She wanted to ban saloons and would attack people at bats abd the bats themselves with her hatchet. These activites made he famous on lecture circuits.
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