BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Nervous System
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| show | central nervous systerm, peripheral nervous systerm
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| show | brain and spinal cord
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| show | nervous outside the brain and spinal cord
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| CNS composed of… | show 🗑
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| Gray matter | show 🗑
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| White matter | show 🗑
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| Nerve tract | show 🗑
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| show | cluster of nerve cell bodies within the CNS
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| show | group of nerve fibers in the PNS with a common origin and common destination- afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)
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| show | cluster of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
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| Structural components of nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | Autonomic Nervous systerm (ANS), Somatic nervous system
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| show | 1. Orientation of body to internal and external environments. 2. Coordination and control of body activities. 3. Assimilation of experiences requisite to memory. 4. Programming of instinctual behavior (more important in vertebrates other than humans).
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| show | pathology of the brain causing paralysis, lack of coordination, and other dysfunctions of motor and sensory mechanisms.
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| Coma | show 🗑
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| show | mental assessment following trauma to the CNS. 5 categories: 1. Mental status and speech 2. cranial nerves 3. motor system 4. sensory system 5. reflexes
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| Paraplegia | show 🗑
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| show | permanent paralysis of arms and legs due to spinal cord injury or certain diseases.
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| show | nerve cell; structural and functional unit of the nervous system
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| 3 components of neuron | show 🗑
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| cell body | show 🗑
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| dendrites | show 🗑
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| Axons | show 🗑
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| Length of axons | show 🗑
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| show | long axons are generally myelinated with schwann cells in the pns
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| show | long axons are generally nyelinated with oligodendrocytes in the CNS
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| show | segments in the myelin sheath
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| show | where axon terminates
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| show | direction of impulse conduction, the number of cytoplasmic processes, and the are of innervation
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| show | afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), interneurons
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| Afferent | show 🗑
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| Interneurons (internuncial or association neurons | show 🗑
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| Efferent | show 🗑
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| show | multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
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| Multipolar neurons | show 🗑
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| Bipolar neurons | show 🗑
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| Unipolar neurons | show 🗑
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| show | somatic afferent, somatic efferent, visceral afferent, visceral efferent
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| Somatic afferent neurons | show 🗑
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| Somatic efferent neurons | show 🗑
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| show | convey impulses to the CNS from the internal organs
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| show | convey impulses from the CNS to internal organs (cardiac muscle, glands, and smooth muscle within visceral organs)
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| Resting membrane potential | show 🗑
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| show | more positive ions outside the membrane and more negative ions on the inside
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| 3 mechanisms responsible for the imbalance in particles across the membrane | show 🗑
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| 3 action potential synonyms | show 🗑
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| show | no
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| What constitutes the code as well as the destination of the impulse? | show 🗑
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| show | yes
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| Membrane potential | show 🗑
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| show | -60 to -80 mV (inside cells)
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| show | oscilloscope
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| show | 2 msec (1000 per sec)
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| 5 Characteristics of action potential | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Adequate stimulation 2.open sodium channels 3. Sodium ions move inward 4. Threshold level (all or none) 5. Depolarization of membrane
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| show | 6. Reverse polarization 7. Acts as a stimulus 8. Decreased sodium permeability and increased potassium perm 9. K+ moves out (repolarization) 10.prep for next impulse
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| show | adequate stimulation of membrane-physical, chemical, temperature-different neurons/different stimuli
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| Action potential 2 | show 🗑
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| show | sodium ions move inward- inside of the membrane becomes less negative
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| Action potential 4 | show 🗑
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| show | if the action potential is triggered the transmembrane potential reaches zero (depolarization of membrane)
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| Action potential 6 | show 🗑
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| Action potential 7 | show 🗑
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| show | decreased permeability of sodium channels and increased (continued) permeability of potassium channels – voltage-gated potassium channels are opened
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| Action potential 9 | show 🗑
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| Action potential 10 | show 🗑
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| All or none | show 🗑
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| show | during the interval from the onset of an action potential until repolarization is about 1/3 completed, a second stimulus cannot elicit another response because the channels are already open
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| show | following the absolute refractory period is an interval during which the neuron will not respond to a normal threshold stimulus, but a very strong stimulus can depolarize the membrane and produce a second action potential
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| show | a single, long polypeptide
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| How many domains are on the sodium channel structure? | show 🗑
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| show | 6 transmembrane alpha helices
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| Tetrodotoxin (TTX) | show 🗑
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| Saxitoxin | show 🗑
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| Batrachotoxin | show 🗑
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| show | movement of K+ during repolarization occurs about the same time the Na+ channels close (one msec later)
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| orthodromic conduction | show 🗑
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| antidromic conduction | show 🗑
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| show | 10m/sec (vary from .5m/sec to 100m/sec
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| show | mylinated is much faster
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| Nodes of ranvier | show 🗑
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| Salutatory conduction | show 🗑
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| Schwann cells | show 🗑
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| show | form the myelin sheath in the cns
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| Multiple sclerosis (MS) | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of MS | show 🗑
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| Treatment of MS | show 🗑
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| Tay-Sachs disease | show 🗑
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| Local anesthesia | show 🗑
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| show | S6 alpha helix of domain IV
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| Synapse | show 🗑
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| Parts of a synapse | show 🗑
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| show | small rounded or oval knobs which are referred to as synaptic knobs, boutons, and end feet, or presynaptic terminals. Present within axon terminals are synaptic vesicles containing a neurotransmitter: Ach, Norepi
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| show | microscopic space between the 2 neurons
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| Postsynaptic membrane | show 🗑
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| Synapse sequence of events (first 3) | show 🗑
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| Synapse sequence of events (#4 and #5) | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Synaptic delay 2. Synaptic fatigue 3. One-way conduction
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| show | synthesis of the neurotransmitter, release of the neurotransmitter, binding of the neurotransmitter with the receptor, destruction of the neurotransmitter
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| Deseases which affect synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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| show | an single neuron can be, and often is, simultaneously stimulated by excitatory and inhibitory transmissions from different presynaptic neurons.
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| Excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| Synaptic excitation | show 🗑
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| show | excitatory postsynaptic potential- altered membrane potential said to be hypopolarized-two ways in which EPSP’s may combine to reach threshold and initiate an action potential: spatial summation, temporal summation
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| show | several p presynaptic neurons simultaneously release neurotransmitters to a single postsynaptic neuron; these EPSP’s produced at different synapses may summate in the postsynaptic dendrites and cell body
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| show | the EPSP’s may summate as the result of the rapid successive discharge of neurotransmitter from the same presynaptic terminal
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| Synaptic inhibition | show 🗑
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| show | amino acid that is a neurotransmitter known to be involved in the production of IPSP’s. It’s action is messed up by strychnine and tetanus toxin which produce convulsions and muscular hyperactivity.
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| show | Grand postsynaptic potential-composite potential on the postsynaptic membrane due to the sum of all EPSP’s and IPSP’s occurring at the same time
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| 6 classes of neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| show | glutamate, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)-inhibitory, Glycine-mainly inhibitory
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| Amine neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| Polypeptide neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| Gas neurotransmitters | show 🗑
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| Cerebrum | show 🗑
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| Grooves or valleys, called fissures or sulci in brain | show 🗑
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| Gyri | show 🗑
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| Corpus callosum | show 🗑
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| Right hemisphere | show 🗑
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| Left hemisphere | show 🗑
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| Lobes of cerebrum | show 🗑
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| Frontal lobe | show 🗑
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| Parietal lobe | show 🗑
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| Temporal lobe | show 🗑
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| Occipital lobe | show 🗑
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| show | outer portion of cerebrum-3/16”-gray matter (six layers of neurons)
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| show | all conscious fxns, interpretations of sensations, understanding of language, intelligence, memory, emotional feelings
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| Functions of the thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | controls the pituitary (hormones; thyroid, growth, reproduction, adrenal), water balance (ADH), appetite and food intake (glucostats-receptors for glucose), body temp., direct and indirect inputs to the autonomic nervous system
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| show | not very well developed
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| Cerebellum functions | show 🗑
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| Medulla Oblongata functions | show 🗑
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| Pons function | show 🗑
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| show | center for the 3rd and 4th cranial nerves
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| show | medulla, pons, and midbrain
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| show | widespread network of interconnected neurons running throughout the entire brain stem and thalamus.
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| Function of reticular activating center | show 🗑
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| 12 cranial nerves | show 🗑
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| show | head and neck (with exception of the vagus nerve- X)
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| spinal cord # and locations | show 🗑
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| Cauda equina | show 🗑
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| show | olfactory-smell
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| show | optic-sight
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| show | oculomotor-movement of eyeball, focusing, and change in pupil size
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| Cranial nerve IV | show 🗑
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| show | Trigeminal-Sensations from face, teeth, and tongue; movement of jaw, chewing muscles
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| show | Abducens-movement of eyeball
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| Cranail nerve VII | show 🗑
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| show | vestibulocochlear-hearing, balance, and posture
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| Cranial nerve IX | show 🗑
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| show | Vagus-visceral sensations; visceral muscle movement (80% parasympathetic)
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| show | accessory-swallowing and head and neck movements
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| Cranial nerve XII | show 🗑
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| Gray matter in spinal cord | show 🗑
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| show | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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| White matter in spinal cord | show 🗑
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| Anterior, posterior, and lateral columns of gray matter | show 🗑
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| Funiculi | show 🗑
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| show | anterior spinothalamic, lateral spinothalamic
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| show | ascending funiculi tract that conducts sensory impulses for crude touch and pressure
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| lateral spinothalamic | show 🗑
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| show | anterior corticospinal, lateral corticospinal
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| show | descending funiculi tract that conducts motor impulses from the cerebrum to spinal nerves and outward through anterior horns for coordinated movements
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| lateral corticospinal | show 🗑
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| show | simplest type of sensory-to-motor nerve pathway
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| Reflex arc consists of | show 🗑
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| Refex arc receptor and function | show 🗑
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| show | dendrite, cell body, and axon; transmits impulse from receptor to the CNS
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| Reflex arc interneurons description and function | show 🗑
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| show | dendrite, cell body, and axon; transmits impulse from CNS out to an effector
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| Reflex arc effector description and function | show 🗑
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| show | tight jxn between endothelial cells lining the capillaries; cells surrounded by foot processes by the astrocytes
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| Electroencephalogram | show 🗑
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| 4 EEG’s | show 🗑
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| Alpha waves | show 🗑
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| show | 13-25 waves/sec; frontal lobes; visually orientating or thinking
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| Theta waves | show 🗑
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| Delta waves | show 🗑
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| Neurological assessment | show 🗑
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| show | unresponsive, absence of non-spontaneous unassisted respiration for three minutes, absence of CNS reflexes and fixed dilated pupils, a flat EEG for at least 10 minutes
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| Description of CSF | show 🗑
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| Formation of CSF | show 🗑
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| show | 10 mm Hg
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| Pathway of flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | show 🗑
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| show | Cushions the brain, allows for exchange of nutrients and wastes within nervous tissue, buoys the brain up
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| show | abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles and subarachnoid or subdural space. It may be caused by excessive production of or blocked flow of CSF. Hydrocephalus frequently cuases the cranial bones to thin and the cerebral cortex to atrophy.
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| show | withdrawal of CSF from the subarachnoid space in the region of the lumbar vertebrae
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| Hydrocephalus | show 🗑
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| Acute hydrocephalus | show 🗑
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| show | can occur where the CSF volume increases, but the pressure may or may not incease
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| Types of hydrocephalus | show 🗑
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| show | obstruction of CSF flow between ventricles; caused by congenital abnormality, aqueduct stenosis, compression by tumor
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| show | impaired absorption of CSF (caused by infection with adhesions, high venous pressure in sagittal sinus, head injury) or increased CSF secretion (caused by secreting tumor (choroid plexus)
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| Pathophysiology of hydrocephalus | show 🗑
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| Clinical manifestations of hydrocephalus | show 🗑
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| show | relaxation-alpha, non-REM, and REM
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| show | Slow sleep, S state, quiet sleep
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| show | active sleep, fast sleep, D state
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| Autonomic nervous system effector organs | show 🗑
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| Divisions of the autonomic nervous system | show 🗑
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| Sympathetic division | show 🗑
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| Parasympathetic division | show 🗑
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| Neurotransmitters of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions | show 🗑
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| show | thoracic and lumbar regions (T1 to T12 and L1 to L2 or 3)
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| show | cranial and sacral regions (cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 (80% comes from 10)
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| Three effector organs in sympathetic division that norepinephrine is not used as the neurotransmitter | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Preganglionic neurons are myelinated; postganglionic are non-myelinated 2. Efferent outlow divided into pre and post ganglionic neurons 3. Pre ganglionic neurotransmitter is actylcholine
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| show | sympathetic-short preganglionic neuron, long postganglionic neuron; parasympathetic- long preganglionic neuron and short postganglionic neuron
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| Cholingeric receptors | show 🗑
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| show | located at the ganglia in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
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| show | located on all effector organs innervated by ostganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division
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| show | all preganglionic autonomic neurons and all postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic- they use actetylcholine as a neurotransmitter
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| show | tobacco
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| Muscarinie derived from | show 🗑
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| show | atropine
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| show | acetylcholine, carbachol, methacholine, and bethanechol
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| show | membrane receptor proteins located on autonomic effector organs that are regulated by catecholamines (epi or norepi). Two types: alpha and beta
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| show | smooth muscles
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| show | stimulation of smooth muscle: vasoconstriction, uterine contraction, dilation of pupil, intestinal sphincter contraction, and pilomotor contraction
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| show | cardiac
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| Beta 1 effect | show 🗑
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| show | smooth muscle
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| Beta 2 effect | show 🗑
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| Alpha 1 stimulants and degree | show 🗑
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| Beta 1 stimulants and degree | show 🗑
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| Beta 2 stimulants and degree | show 🗑
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| Isoproterenol | show 🗑
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| show | all adrenergic receptors act via G-proteins
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| show | vasoconstriction and are used as decongestants
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| Alpha receptor blockers are used to | show 🗑
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| Beta receptor stimulators are used to | show 🗑
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| Beta blockers are used to | show 🗑
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| Mechanoreceptors | show 🗑
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| show | detect changes in temperature, some detecting cold and others detecting warmth. These receptors may be stimulated by changes in metabolic rate.
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| Nociceptors | show 🗑
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| Electromagnetic or photoreceptors | show 🗑
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| Chemoreceptors | show 🗑
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| show | adapt either partially or completely to their stimuli after a period of time
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| show | do not adapt at all or adapt slowly (muscle stretch receptors)
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| show | adapt rapidly-usually no longer responding to a maintained stimulus, but when the stimulus is removed, the receptor typically responds with a slight depolarization called the off response (watch, rings, clothing)
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| Pain threshold in people | show 🗑
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| show | protective mechanism that brings to conscious an awareness that tissue damage is occurring or is about to occur
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| Three types of pain | show 🗑
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| Cutaneous pain | show 🗑
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| Deep pain | show 🗑
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| Visceral pain | show 🗑
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| Damage cells | show 🗑
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| Prostaglandins | show 🗑
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| show | activated by enzymes released from damaged cells
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| Substance P | show 🗑
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| show | pain neurotransmitter
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| show | CNS contains a neuronal system that suppresses pain.
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| show | chemicals the body releases in resonse to outside stimuli like exercise or stress
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| 2 locations where pain may be blocked | show 🗑
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| Chronic pain | show 🗑
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| show | diminish pain by inhibiting prostaglandin production and release
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| show | act directly on pain centers in the brain
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| referred pain | show 🗑
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| show | 1)Embryonic origin of the organ 2)Cross over of first order neurons with second order neurons in the spinal cord
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| show | a chronic disorder resulting from sudden, uncontrolled discharge of activity by neurons in the brain (seizure)
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| manifestations of seizure activity | show 🗑
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| clonic muscle contraction | show 🗑
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| show | hyperglycemia, febrile disorders, head injury, drugs, birth trauma, brain tumors, stroke, metabolic disorders
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| show | phenytoin, phenobarbital, and valproate
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| alzheimer's disease symptoms | show 🗑
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| neural structural changes from alzheimer's disease | show 🗑
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