BYU PdBio 305 Rhees Cell/Chem/H2O/Blood
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| Respiratory Acidosis is caused by | Over-anesthesia, Lung diseases, Damage to respiratory center
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| Metabolic Acidosis is caused by | Severe diarrhea, Diabetes mellitus, high intesity exercise, kidney failure
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| Effects of Acidosis on Body | Disorientation, Coma, Death, Lower pH limit of 6.8-7.0
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| Respiratory alkalosis is caused by | Fever, Aspirin poisoning, high altitude
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| Metabolic alkalosis is caused by | Vomiting, excessive sodium bicarbonate ingestion
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| Effects of alkalosis on body | overexcitability of nervous system, tetany, death, upper limit of pH 7.8-8.0
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| Liters of water in body | 40 liters
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| Percent of body weight from water | 50-60%
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| % of body weight from ICF | 35-40%
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| % of body weight from ECF | 10-20%
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| % of body weight from Interstitial fluid | 10-15%
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| % of body weight from Plasma | 4-5%
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| Causes of Dehydration/Hypovolemia | vomiting, diarrhea, loss of blodd, drainage from burns, lack of ADH due to diabetes insipidus
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| Symptoms of Dehydration/Hypovolemia | Loss of weight, rise in body temperature, increased heart rate and cardiac output, decreased blood pressure, decreased urine
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| Causes of hypervolemia | excessive IV administration, psychotic drinking, renal failure leading to decreased urinary output
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| Symptoms of hypervolemia | decreased body temp., increased blood pressure, edema, weight gain, vomiting, convulsions, coma
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone regulates water loss
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| What regulates ADH and oxytosin? | Hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
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| Maltose | glucose+glucose
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| Sucrose | glucose+fructose
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| Lactose | glucose+galactose
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| Lipid structure | three fatty acids attached to a glycerol
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| butyric structure | CH3-(CH2)2-COOH
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| palmitic structure | CH3-(CH2)14-COOH
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| Stearic structure | CH3-(CH2)16-COOH
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| Oleic | one double bond
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| Linoleic | two double bonds
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| Linolenic | three double bonds
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| # of cells in body | 75-100 trillion
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| # of types of cells | 200-250
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| tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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| normal pH | 7.4
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| normal glucose | 80-100 mg/100ml
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| Feedback systems' three parts | monitoring receptor, control center, reactor
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| % of plasma membrane from protein | 55%
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| % of plasma membrane from carbohydrate | 2%
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| % of plasma membrane from lipid | 43%
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| space between two walls of nuclear membrane | perinuclear cisterna
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| Rough ER synthesized proteins destination | outside of cell
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| destination of free ribosome synthesized proteins | within cell
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| Vitamin A intoxication | cause lysosomes to rupture, destroying intracellular material
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| Rheumatoid arthritis | Lysosomes release enzymes into joint capsule and digest surrounding tissue
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| Atrophy of the uterus | lysosome digestive activity
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| Erythrocytes | red blood cells
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| Leukocytes | white blood cells
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| Thrombocytes | platelets
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| % of whole blood from plasma | 53-60%
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| % of whole blood from formed elements | 40-47%
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| plasma is made up of | water 90%, proteins 7%, electrolytes urea glucose etc. 3%
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| hematocrit is made up of | erythrocytes 4.5-5.5 million/mm^3, leukocytes 6-10 thousand/mm^3, patelets 150-400 thousand/mm^3
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| leukocytes are made up of | Neutrophils 60-70%, Eosinophils 2-4%, Basophils .15%, Lymphocytes 20-25%, Monocytes 3-8%
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| serum | plasma minus the coagulation factors
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| Albumin | functions in osmotic pressure regulation
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| Globulins | Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
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| Alpha and Beta globulin | carrier vehicles to prevent substances in blood (e.g. hormones) from leaving the capillary too rapidly
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| Gamma Globulin | Natural and acquired immunity – Antibodies
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| Origin of Albumin and the alpha and beta globulins | formed in the liver
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| Origin of Gamma globulins | formed in the lymphoid tissues of the reticulo-endothelial system (found in the bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymph nodes)
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| Erythrocyte Characteristics | no nucleus, can’t multiply, biconcave discs, no nucleus or e.r., no protein synthesis
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| Erythrocyte function | transport hemoglobin (oxygen) and CO2
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| What increases erythrocytes? | Altitude, muscular exercise, temperature, age (higher in infants)
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| Erythropoiesis | production of red blood cells
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| Hematopoiesis | production of all blood cells
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| location of early embryo rbc synthesis | yolk sac
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| location of middle pregnancy rbc synthesis | liver, spleen, bone marrow
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| location of adult rbc synthesis | vertebrae, ribs, sternum
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| pathway for erythropoiesis | stem cell, proeryrthroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic, erythroblast, normoblast (nucleus lost), reticulocyte, mature RBC
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| Life span of RBC | 120 days
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| # of RBC destroyed per sec and per day | 2.5 million, 216 billion
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| # of molecules of Hb/RBC | 200 million
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| hemoglobin structure | protein globin and four hemes
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| structure of heme | porphyrin with Fe++ in middle
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| % of RBC is made of Hb | 34%
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| grams of Hb in 100 ml of blood | 15g
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| ml of oxygen that combines with each gram of Hb | 1.34ml
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| ml of O2 for 100ml of blood | 20ml
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| oxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin when saturated with 02
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| carbamino hemoglobin | CO2 with Hb
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| carboxy hemoglobin | CO with Hb
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| biliverdin | porphyrin with the ring broken
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| bilirubin | biliverdin is converted to bilirubin to be excreted
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| jaundice | accumulation of bilirubin (caused by liver disease, excess red cell destruction, bile duct obstruction
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| anemia | decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
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| symptoms of anemia | pale skin, fatigue, rapid heart rate
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| types of anemia | hemorrhagic, aplastic, nutritional, pernicious, hemolytic, folic acid deficiency
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| hemorrhagic anemia | blood loss
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| aplastic anemia | bone marrow destruction-cancer, too many x-rays, chemicals, drugs
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| Nutritional anemia | not enough iron
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| folic acid deficiency anemia | impairs normal mitosis
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| pernicious anemia | vit B12 deficiency which is required for bone marrow maturation; parietal cells in stomach make instrinsic factor necessary for vit B12 absorption
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| Hemolytic anemia | RBC destruction (sickel cell, erythroblastosis fetalis, lead/arsenic poisoning)
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| polycythemia | too many RBC
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| secondary polycythemia | elavation; no RBC pathology
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| primary polycythemia (erythremia) | tumor of bone marrow-sluggish blood
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| # of leukocytes | 6-12,000/mm^3 (production rate is equal to or greater than that of RBC's)
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| lifespan of leukocytes | 4 days to months
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| location of leukocytes | most found outside circulation
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| two types of leukocytes | granulocytes, agronulocytes
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| types of granulocytes | neutrophils, eosonophils, basophils
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| types of agranulocytes | lymphocytes, monocytes
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| % of each leukocyte making up all leukocytes | neutrophils 65-70, lymphocytes 20-24, monocytes 5, eosinophils 1-2, basophils 0-.5
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| production sites of leukocytes | embryo-bone marrow, liver, spleen; adult-granulocytes-bone marrow, agranulocytes-lymphoid tissues
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| diapedesis | ability to squeeze through capillary walls (leukocyte ability)
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| chemotaxis | substance released from infected area to attract leukocytes
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| fxn of neutrophils | acute conditions; phagocytosis and NET fibers
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| fxn of eosinophils | allergic conditions
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| fxn of basophils | secrete anticoagulant heparin and histamine which are important in allergic rxns
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| fxn of lymphocytes | immune response
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| fxn of B-lymphocytes | produce antibodies
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| fxn of T-lymphocytes | destroy specific target cells
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| fxn of monocytes | chronic conditions; phagocytosics; macrophages which live for months or years
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| leukemia | too many leukocytes which are immature and useless; not enough RBC's and platelets
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| leukopenia | not enough WBC's' caused by radiation, drugs, chemicals
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| # of Thrombocytes | platelets- 150-350,000/mm^3
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| formation of thrombocytes | bone marrow form megakaryocyte cells where pieces of the cytoplasm chip off and are platelets
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| thrombopoietin | thrombocyte production stimulant
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| life span of thrombocyte | 8 days to many months
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| fxn of thrombocytes | clotting; platelet plug
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| platelet chemicals which stimulate vasoconstriction and make other platelets sticky | ADP, serotonin, thromboxane A2
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| platelet chemicals stimualting contraction | myosin and actin
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| PGI2-prostacyclin | inhibitor of platelet aggregation
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| nitric oxide | inhibitor of platelet aggregation
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| Thrombocytopenia | abnormally low # of platelets; exessive bleeding
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| thrombocytopenia purpura | purple spots on skin from poor blood clotting
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| pathway for blood clot | prothrombin activator activates prothrombin into thrombin which activates fibrinogen into a lose and then tight fibrin clot; Ca++ is needed to clot
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| syneresis | clot retraction
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| clotting factors 1-11 | 1.fibrinogen 2.prothrombin 3.tissue thromboplastin 4.calcium 5.accelerator globulin 6.none 7.serum prothrombin conversion accelerator 8.antihemophilic globulin (on X chromosome) 9.Christmas factor 10.stuart-power factor 11.plasma thromboplastin antecedent
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| clotting factors 12-13 | 12.Contact factor (initiates the overall rxn) 13.Fibrin stabilizing factor
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| Anticoagulants | Dicoumarol (Coumadin), Heparin, Citrates, Oxalates, EDTA, smooth inside surface of blood vessel
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| Dicoumarol (Coumadin) | interferes with vit K and thus factors 7,9,10
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| heparin | interferes with thrombin and prothrombin formation (from basophils)
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| citrates, oxalates, edta | tie up calcium to stop clotting
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| edta | oj simpson
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| fibrinolysis | lysis of clots; plasminogen makes plasmin which degrades fibrin
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| conditions that cuase excessive bleeding in humans | liver disease (decreased clotting factors), vit K deficiency (decreased formation of prothrombin), hemophilia (lack of factor 8 or 9 or any other), thrombocytopenia (decreased platelets)
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| Thrombocytopenia | decreased platelets (less than 50,000)
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| Thrombus | clot attacched to blood vessel wall
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| embolus | clot that detaches from the wall and floats freely
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| external defense against disease | skin, digestive tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract
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| two types of immunity | non-specific and specific
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| non-specific immunity | inflammation, interferon, fever, natural killer cells, complement system
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| specific immunity | responds selectively to invaders (antigens) with antibodies which is an immune reaction
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| two types of specific immune responses | humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity
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| humoral immunity | B-lymphocytes secrete antibodies into the blood and lymph
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| cell-mediated immunity | T-lymphocytes attack host cells that are infected
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| autoimmunity | formation of antibodies against a person's own tissues
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| examples of autoimmunity | rheumatic fever, grave's disease
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| rheumatic fever | antibodies produced against streptococcus bacteria cross react with the heart and kidney tissues
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| grave's disease | antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland- mimic TSH
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| when are blood antibodies formed (ABO) | 2-8 months after birth; max levels at 8-10 years
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| agglutinins | clumping of blood cells from a transfusion reaction
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| how many Rh blood types are there | 6 C,D,E,c,d,e
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| % of people who are Rh+ | 85%
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| erythroblastosis fetalis | hemolytic anemia in the newborn Rh positive baby caused by meternal antibodies against the Rh factor that hvae crossed the placenta
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| Rhogam | antibodies against the Rh factor
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