Ch1-7 from outline
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| Composition of blood | RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma
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| Plasma vs. serum | Plasma has clotting proteins, serum does not it is already clotted
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| Layers when spun down % | RBC 43%, WBC&Platelets (buffy coat) <2%, Plasma 55%
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| Cell membrane - composition and function | phospholipid bilayer with proteins, also receptors that transmit messages to the nucleus
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| Cytoplasm - composition and function | protein synthesis, growth, motility, and phagocytosis take place here.
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| Nucleus - composition and function | contains DNA and regulates all cell functions
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| Necrosis vs Apoptosis | Cell Death ... Necrosis - No ATP, cell swells, patches of tissue die, lysed, inflammation Apoptosis - needs ATP, cell shrinks, death of single isolated cell, no inflammation
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| Hematopoiesis | the process of making all of the parts of blood
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| differentiation | the process responsible for generateing the diverse cell populations for specialzed functions
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| commitment | the instance when 2 cells derived from the same precursor take a separate route of development
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| hematopoiesis Sites during embryonic, fetal, childhood and adult | embryonic-Mesoblastic period-yolk sac and Aorta-gonad-mesonephros(AGM)
fetal-Hepatic phase-Liver (spleen) and Medullary/Myeloid phase (in bones)90% in red marrow at birth
childhood-throughout the skeletal system
adult-central portion of the skeletal
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| Cellular compartments of hematopoietic precursor cells | Hematopoietic stem cells-give rise to daughter cells, not morphologically distinguishable
Progenitor cells-committed cells, not morphologically recognizable, measured by CFUs
Maturing cells-takes on morphological characteristics of cell line.
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| Hematopoietic precursor cell model (pg 35) Basic scheme of hematopoiesis | go look at it! :) remind yourself!
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| Cytokines, growth factors and hematopoietic microenvironment | Cytokines-protein that modulates function of other cells- ex interleukins,CSF&interferons
growth factors-cytokines - mostly produced by stromal cells
hematopoietic microenvironment- influences behavior and proliferation of multipotential cells
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| extramedullary hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells at a site other than bone marrow
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| Medullary hematopoiesis | blood cell production and development IN the red bone marrow
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| Erythropoiesis | formation and maturation of erythrocytes in bone marrow. It is under the influence of the hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin.
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| RBC Maturation series (both nomenclatures)p65 | Pronormoblast/rubriblast
Basophilic normoblast/prorubricyte
polychromatophilic normoblast/rubricyte
orthochromic normoblast/metarubricyte
reticulocyte
mature RBC or erythrocyte
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| Earliest morphologically recognizable cell (RBC) | Pronormoblast/Rubriblast
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| RBC membrane function | maintain cell shape and deformability
maintain osmotic balance between plasma and cell cytoplasm
act as a supporting skeletal system for surface antigens and receptors
Aid in the transportation of essential cellular ion gases
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| RBC membrane Composition | Biphospholipid protein complex - 52% protein, 40% lipid & 8% carbohydrate
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| RBC metabolism | ATP, generated by glycolysis.
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| Embden-Meyerhop (EM) pathway - RBC metabolism | anaerobic pathway, 90% of glucose utilization in RBC - AKA Glycolic Pathway
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| Extravascular and intravascular RBC destruction | Extravascular -90% in spleen and liver
Intravascular - cell membrane breached while in circulation
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| Factors that affect Oxygen affinity | Increase affinity - increase O2, OR decrease in: CO2, H+, Temp, 2,3-BPG
Decrease Affinity increase in: CO2, H+, Temp or 2,3-BPG
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| Hemoglobin Normal values for men and women | men 14-17g/dL
women 12-16g/dL
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| Structure | 4 globin chains - 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. 4 hemes - each contain 1 iron atom.
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| Normal types of hemoglobin - Table 6-2 page 88 | Embryonic-Gower I (zeta epsilon), Gower II (Alpha epsilon), & Portland (zeta gamma)
Fetal to Adult (amounts change but types are the same) -HbF (alpha gamma), HbA (alpha beta), HbA2 (alpha delta)
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| senescent RBC | 1. growing old
2. characteristic of old age
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| Glycosylated hemoglobin | HbA1C has glucose irreversibly attached- used as an indicator of blood glucose in diabetics.
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| Oxyhemoglobin | Hgb bound to oxygen
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| Deoxyhemoglobin | Hgb without oxygen
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| Oxygen affinity | Ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen. An increase in CO2, acid, and heat decrease affinity, while an increase in pO2 increases oxygen affinity
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| Tense structure |
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| Relaxed structure |
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| 2,3 BPG |
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| Shift to the right |
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| Shift to the left |
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| Methemoglobin | Hgb with iron in ferric state. Cannot combine with O2.
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| Sulfhemoglobin | Sulfur combined with hemoglobin. 1/100 O2 affinity of HbA.
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| Carboxyhemoglobin | Carbon monoxide combined with hemoglobin. Affinity for carbon monoxide is 200 times higher than for O2.
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| The Leukocyte |
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| Absolute concentration vs. relative concentration and calculations |
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| Reference values for adults |
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| Maturation series of granulocyte |
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| Characteristics of nucleus & cytoplasm. Approximate cell size |
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| Primary and secondary granules |
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| Recognition |
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| Marginating and circulating pool locations |
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| Granulocytic adherence and migration |
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| Reticulocyte | No nucleus, contains RNA
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| Hexose monophosphate shunt - RBC metabolism | dependent on G6PD, when deficient globin denaturation occurs and Hgb precipitates to form inclusions (Heinz bodies)
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| Methehemoglibon reductase pathway - RBC metabolism |
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| Rapoport-Leubering Shunt - RBC metabolism | Production of 2,3BPG (2.3BPG binds to Hgb and decreases the oxygen affinity of Hgb- releasing more oxygen to tissues)
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| PO2 PCO2 | Partial pressure oxygen/carbon dioxide??
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