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Heme midterm reveiw
Ch1-7 from outline
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Composition of blood | RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma |
| Plasma vs. serum | Plasma has clotting proteins, serum does not it is already clotted |
| Layers when spun down % | RBC 43%, WBC&Platelets (buffy coat) <2%, Plasma 55% |
| Cell membrane - composition and function | phospholipid bilayer with proteins, also receptors that transmit messages to the nucleus |
| Cytoplasm - composition and function | protein synthesis, growth, motility, and phagocytosis take place here. |
| Nucleus - composition and function | contains DNA and regulates all cell functions |
| Necrosis vs Apoptosis | Cell Death ... Necrosis - No ATP, cell swells, patches of tissue die, lysed, inflammation Apoptosis - needs ATP, cell shrinks, death of single isolated cell, no inflammation |
| Hematopoiesis | the process of making all of the parts of blood |
| differentiation | the process responsible for generateing the diverse cell populations for specialzed functions |
| commitment | the instance when 2 cells derived from the same precursor take a separate route of development |
| hematopoiesis Sites during embryonic, fetal, childhood and adult | embryonic-Mesoblastic period-yolk sac and Aorta-gonad-mesonephros(AGM) fetal-Hepatic phase-Liver (spleen) and Medullary/Myeloid phase (in bones)90% in red marrow at birth childhood-throughout the skeletal system adult-central portion of the skeletal |
| Cellular compartments of hematopoietic precursor cells | Hematopoietic stem cells-give rise to daughter cells, not morphologically distinguishable Progenitor cells-committed cells, not morphologically recognizable, measured by CFUs Maturing cells-takes on morphological characteristics of cell line. |
| Hematopoietic precursor cell model (pg 35) Basic scheme of hematopoiesis | go look at it! :) remind yourself! |
| Cytokines, growth factors and hematopoietic microenvironment | Cytokines-protein that modulates function of other cells- ex interleukins,CSF&interferons growth factors-cytokines - mostly produced by stromal cells hematopoietic microenvironment- influences behavior and proliferation of multipotential cells |
| extramedullary hematopoiesis | formation and development of blood cells at a site other than bone marrow |
| Medullary hematopoiesis | blood cell production and development IN the red bone marrow |
| Erythropoiesis | formation and maturation of erythrocytes in bone marrow. It is under the influence of the hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin. |
| RBC Maturation series (both nomenclatures)p65 | Pronormoblast/rubriblast Basophilic normoblast/prorubricyte polychromatophilic normoblast/rubricyte orthochromic normoblast/metarubricyte reticulocyte mature RBC or erythrocyte |
| Earliest morphologically recognizable cell (RBC) | Pronormoblast/Rubriblast |
| RBC membrane function | maintain cell shape and deformability maintain osmotic balance between plasma and cell cytoplasm act as a supporting skeletal system for surface antigens and receptors Aid in the transportation of essential cellular ion gases |
| RBC membrane Composition | Biphospholipid protein complex - 52% protein, 40% lipid & 8% carbohydrate |
| RBC metabolism | ATP, generated by glycolysis. |
| Embden-Meyerhop (EM) pathway - RBC metabolism | anaerobic pathway, 90% of glucose utilization in RBC - AKA Glycolic Pathway |
| Extravascular and intravascular RBC destruction | Extravascular -90% in spleen and liver Intravascular - cell membrane breached while in circulation |
| Factors that affect Oxygen affinity | Increase affinity - increase O2, OR decrease in: CO2, H+, Temp, 2,3-BPG Decrease Affinity increase in: CO2, H+, Temp or 2,3-BPG |
| Hemoglobin Normal values for men and women | men 14-17g/dL women 12-16g/dL |
| Structure | 4 globin chains - 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. 4 hemes - each contain 1 iron atom. |
| Normal types of hemoglobin - Table 6-2 page 88 | Embryonic-Gower I (zeta epsilon), Gower II (Alpha epsilon), & Portland (zeta gamma) Fetal to Adult (amounts change but types are the same) -HbF (alpha gamma), HbA (alpha beta), HbA2 (alpha delta) |
| senescent RBC | 1. growing old 2. characteristic of old age |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin | HbA1C has glucose irreversibly attached- used as an indicator of blood glucose in diabetics. |
| Oxyhemoglobin | Hgb bound to oxygen |
| Deoxyhemoglobin | Hgb without oxygen |
| Oxygen affinity | Ability of hemoglobin to bind and release oxygen. An increase in CO2, acid, and heat decrease affinity, while an increase in pO2 increases oxygen affinity |
| Tense structure | |
| Relaxed structure | |
| 2,3 BPG | |
| Shift to the right | |
| Shift to the left | |
| Methemoglobin | Hgb with iron in ferric state. Cannot combine with O2. |
| Sulfhemoglobin | Sulfur combined with hemoglobin. 1/100 O2 affinity of HbA. |
| Carboxyhemoglobin | Carbon monoxide combined with hemoglobin. Affinity for carbon monoxide is 200 times higher than for O2. |
| The Leukocyte | |
| Absolute concentration vs. relative concentration and calculations | |
| Reference values for adults | |
| Maturation series of granulocyte | |
| Characteristics of nucleus & cytoplasm. Approximate cell size | |
| Primary and secondary granules | |
| Recognition | |
| Marginating and circulating pool locations | |
| Granulocytic adherence and migration | |
| Reticulocyte | No nucleus, contains RNA |
| Hexose monophosphate shunt - RBC metabolism | dependent on G6PD, when deficient globin denaturation occurs and Hgb precipitates to form inclusions (Heinz bodies) |
| Methehemoglibon reductase pathway - RBC metabolism | |
| Rapoport-Leubering Shunt - RBC metabolism | Production of 2,3BPG (2.3BPG binds to Hgb and decreases the oxygen affinity of Hgb- releasing more oxygen to tissues) |
| PO2 PCO2 | Partial pressure oxygen/carbon dioxide?? |
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BOMLT
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