Exam 1- Lipids
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| WHAT ARE THE PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN CLASSES IN ORDER BY LOWEST DENSITY TO HIGHEST DENSITY? | CHYLOMICRONS, VLDL, LDL, AND HDL
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| NAME THE MAJOR APOLIPOPROTEINS FOR EACH LIPOPROTEIN CLASS. | CHYLOMICRON: A,B,C
VLDL: B,C,E
LDL: B
HDL: A
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| WHAT ARE THE PREDISPOSING CORONARY HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS? | Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Male sex
Family history
Socioeconomic factors
Behavioral factors
Insulin resistance
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| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF HDL? | TAKES CHOLESTEROL FROM TISSUES TO THE LIVER VIA THE BLOODSTREAM.
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| WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF LDL? | TAKES CHOLESTEROL TO THE TISSUES.
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| WHAT LIPOPROTEINS MAKE UP THE TRIGLYCERIDES? | CHYLOMICRONS AND VLDL
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| WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND WHAT IS THE PREVALENCE? | GENETIC DEFECTS IN THE LDL RECEPTOR PROTEIN THAT PREVENTS BINDING AND UPTAKE OF LDL BY THE CELL CAUSING HIGH LEVELS OF LDL AND INCREASED CHD RISK. ~1/500
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| WHAT IS METABOLIC SYNDROME ALSO KNOW AS? | INSULIN RESISTANCE SYNDROME (IRS)
SYNDROME X
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| HAVING 3+ OF THE FOLLOWING MEANS YOU HAVE WHAT? 1. Abdominal obesity: >40”waist-men,>35” waist-women 2. High trigS:≥150 mg/dL 3. Low HDL:<40mg/dL men;<50mg/dL women 4. High BP: Systolic≥ 130 or Diastolic ≥ 85 5. High fasting plasma glucose: ≥ 100mg/d | METABOLIC SYNDROME
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| WHAT ARE THE DESIRABLE CUTOFFS FOR TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, TRIG, LDL, AND HDL? | TOTAL CHOLESTEROL <200MG/DL
TRIG <150MG/DL
LDL <100MG/DL
HDL >45MG/DL
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| WHAT ARE THE HIGH RISK CUTOFFS FOR TOTAL CHOLESTEROL, TRIG, LDL, AND HDL? | TOTAL CHOLESTEROL > OR =240MG/DL
TRIG >200MG/DL
LDL >160MG/DL
HDL <40MG/DL
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| WHAT TREATMENT IS SUGGESTED FOR ELEVATED TRIG LEVELS? | LOWER LDL, INTENSIFY WEIGHT MANAGEMENT, INCREASE PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, INCREASE HDL
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| HOW MUCH LIFETIME RISK OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE CAN BE REDUCED WITH 1% REDUCTION OF LDL? | 2% RISK REDUCTION
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| IN THE ENZYMATIC CHOLESTEROL ASSAY, WHAT ENZYME IS USED TO SEPARATE CHOLESTEROL FROM CHOLESTEROL ESTER? | CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE
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| IN THE ENZYMATIC TRIGLYCERIDE ASSAY, LIPASE SEPARATES TRIGLYCERIDE INTO TWO COMPONENTS. WHAT ARE THEY AND WHICH ONE IS THE COMPONENT OF INTEREST? | GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS. GLYCEROL IS THE COMPONENT OF INTEREST MEASURED WITH A RED CHROMAGEN AT 510NM.
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| LIPOPROTEINS CAN BE SEPARATED USING WHICH METHODS? | ULTRAFILTRATION, ELECTROPHORESIS, PRECIPITATION-HDL, HOMOGENEOUS METHODS (EMIT)
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| WHAT DOES THE FRIEDWALD EQUATION CALCULATE? GIVE THE FRIEDWALD EQUATION. | IT CALCULATES LDL.
LDL = TOTAL CHOL - HDL - (TRIG/5)
ONLY VALID IF TRIG < 400MG/DL
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| HOW CAN LIPOPROTEINS BE DIRECTLY MEASURED? | REMOVE UNWANTED LIPOPROTEINS USING PRECIPITATION OR RAISE POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO THE UNWANTED FRACTIONS. SEPARATE THE FRACTIONS AND MEASURE THE ELUATE/SUPERNATANTS.
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| WHAT ARE THE SPECIMEN REQUIREMENTS FOR LIPID ASSAYS? | FASTING SPECIMEN, EDTA AND HEPARIN TUBES, PATIENT SHOULD BE SEATED FOR 15 MINS TO REDUCE HEMOCONCENTRATION AND INCREASED LIPIDS, TOURNIQUET FOR < 1 MIN TO AVOID HEMOCONCENTRATION.
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| INTERFERENCES IN LIPID ASSAY MEASUREMENTS CAN BE CAUSED BY WHAT 3 THINGS IN THE SPECIMEN? | LIPEMIA
BILIRUBIN
HEMOLYSIS
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| WHAT ARE THE CONDITIONAL RISK FACTORS FOR CHD? | HIGH HOMOCYSTEINE, HIGH FIBRINOGEN, PRESENCE OF LIPOPROTEIN(a), hsCRP
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| IF HOMOCYSTEINE LEVELS ARE HIGH, WHAT SUPPLEMENTS/DIETARY INTAKE CAN BE USED TO DECREASE HOMOCYSTEINE AND CHD RISK? | VITAMIN B6, B12, FOLIC ACID
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| HOMOCYSTEINEMIA IS CAUSED BY THE LACK OF WHAT ENZYME TO METABOLIZE HOMOCYSTEINE? | CYSTATHIONINE B-SYNTHASE
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| WHAT FORMS WHEN THERE ARE HIGH LEVELS OF OXIDIZED LDL? | FOAM CELLS WHICH WILL NARROW THE BLOOD VESSELS.
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| HOW DO YOU CONVERT CHOLESTEROL VALUES FROM MG/DL TO MMOL/L? | divide the mg/dl value by 38.7
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