BIO205 - CH11 - Prokaryotes - Bacteria & Archaea - Tortora - Rio Salado - AZ
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| Proteobacteria include? | Most of the gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic bacteria - largest taxonomic group.
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| Phylogenic relationships based upon __. | rRNA studies
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| prosthecae | Unusual morphology - protrusions such as salks & buds.
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| Alphaprotobacteria include __. | agriculturally important bacteria capable of nitrogen-fixation in symbiosis with plants.
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| The prefix __ is found in nitro-fixing genera of bacteria. | azo - a=without & zo=life - nitrogen came to be associated with absense of life.
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| Protobacteria are gram-__. | negative
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| The phylum for a Pseudomonadales is a __. | proteobacteria (gamma)
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| Enterobacteriales (order) are __ protobacteria. | gamma
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| Escherichia & Salmonella (genera) bacteria are gamma__. | protobacteria - coli is one too.
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| Myxococcus (order) bacteria are __. | deltaproteobacteria
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| Name 3 gram-negative bacteria that are not proteobacteria. | Cyanobacteria (photoautotrophs), chlamydia (chemoheterotropic) & spirochetes (chemoheterotrophic).
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| What is the purpose of a stalk in certain bacteria? | Anchor organs & increase nutrient uptake - stalk increases surface-to-volume ratio of cell.
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| How do budding bacteria divide? | Not by binary fission - they resemble asexual reproduction - bud increases in size till it separates into a complete cell.
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| Agrobacterium do what? | Invade plants - form tumor like crown gall when it inserts a plasmid with DNA into plant DNA - scientists interested for genetic engineering.
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| 75% of animal species carry which endosymbiont? | Wolbachia - hide as endosymbionts in cell of insect - bacteria is killed, host dies - can turn male into female in some insects.
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| Parthenogenesis | In some insects, amphibians & reptiles - a method of reproduction caused by the wolbachia bacteria inside the organisms.
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| How does a sheath help a bacteria? | Protective & aid in nutrient accumulation
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| Bordetella, Neisseria (gonorrhoea), & Burkholderia are __protobacteria. | beta
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| For what are fimbriae used? | Enables organisms like Neisseria gonorrhoeae to attach to mucous membrane - contributes to pathogenicity.
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| Neisseria gonorrheae | gonorrhea - gram-negative, bean-shaped cocus - diplococci due to fimbriae - faculative anaerobe - oxidase & catalase positive - ferments glucose.
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| Neisseria meningitidis | meningitis - gram-negative, bean-shaped coccus - diplococci, faculative anaerobe, oxidase & catalase positive - lactose negative.
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Bad for burn units & UTI - gram-negative, beta-hemolytic, aerobic, oxidase & catalase positive - non-lactose-fermenting
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| Can cause UTI, sepsis, & meningitis | Pseudomonas - gram-negitive rods, gammaproteobacteria - glow in flourescent light.
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| Why are pseudomonas a problem in hospital? | Their nutritional diversity - grow on soaps, antiseptics (quats), antibiotic resistance due to porins - responsible for 1 in 10 nosocomical infections.
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| Causes conjunctivitis | Moraxella - gammaproteobacteria.
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| Escherichia coli | Gram-negative, beta-hemolysis, green-black with metallic sheen on EMB, lactose +, catalase +, oxidase - diarrhea & UTI.
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| Vibronales (order) | Vibrio cholerae - cholera - diarrhea - undercooked shellfish - gammaproteobacteria.
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| Salmonella (genus) | Almost all are pathogenic - 2400 serovars (species varieties) flagella are antigens - S. typhi (typhoid) & salmonellosis (foodborn disease) - gammaproteobacteria.
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| Salmonella typhi | "Typhi" is actually serotype - gram-negative rod, fac. anaerobe, lactose - , glucose +, oxidase -, Food poisioning & typhoid.
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| Serovars (serotype) | Subdivisions of species - i.e. Salmonella typhi is actually "Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium".
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| bivars (biotypes) | Further subdivisions of serovars - special biochemical or physiological properties.
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| Proteus - Phylum, Class & Order | Proteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacteriales.
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| Enterobacter are gammaproteobacteria that use __. | UTI & hospital-acquired infections.
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| X factor | Substances from the heme fraction of blood hemoglobin - Haemophilus species
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| V factor | NAD+ OR NADP+ - needed to culture Heamophilus.
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| Why are deltaproteobacteria distinctive? | Include predators on other bacteria & sulfer cycle.
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| Why do Bdellovibrio bacteria attack other bacteria? | To reproduce when the host cell lyses (deltaproteobacteria).
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| Myxococcus | Preys on other bacteria - deltaproteobacteria - gram-negative, fruiting body & spores.
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| Vibroid | Helical bacteria - motile by flagella - microaerophics.
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| What epsilonproteobacteria is known to cause stomach cancer and ulcers? | Helicobacterer pylori
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| What do gram-negative - nonproteobacteria have in common? | They are photosynthesizing bacteria (cyanobacteria, etc.)
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| heterocysis | Special cells in cyanobacteria that contain enzymes that fix nitrogen gas.
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| Which bacteria do scientists believe played an important part in development of life on earth? | Cyanobacteria - oxygenic photosynthetic - believed to have made oxygen possible.
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| How does photosynthesis of cyanobacteria differ from purple sulfur bacteria? | Photosynthetic bacteria like cyanobacteria produce oxygen, whle purple sulfer is anoxygenic in that it doesn't produce oxygen, but sulfer.
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| 2 groups of gram-positive bacteria | High G+C ratios (Actinobacteria) & low G+C ratios (Firmicutes)
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| Firmicutes (phylum) | Low G+C gram-positive bacteria - Clostridium, bacillus, staphylococcus, streptococcus, lactobacillus, & mycoplasma.
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| Clostridium perfringens | From lab - low G+C (Firmicutes), gram +, rod, double zone of beta-hemolysis, anaerobic, catalse -, Causes gangrene.
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| Genus Clostridium | Rod-shaped, obligate anaerobes, contain endospores, C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringes, C. difficile.
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| Haemophilus influenzae | Gram-neg. rod, catalase +, causes meningitis
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| What causes Clostridium to be problem in contamination of deep wound? | They are anaerobes.
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| What structure is made by both Clostridium and Bacillus? | endospores
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| Which bacteria has 25x as much DNA as human cell? | Epulopicium fishelsoni - lives inside Red Sea Surgeonfish - Low G+C gram-pos. bacteria (Firmicutes).
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| Bacillus anthracis | Lab - anthrax - gram +, rod, low G+C (firmicutes), non-hemolytic, catalase +, faculative anaerobe, forms chains.
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| Bacillales | Firmicutes (Low G+C) gram +, endospores, rods, common in soil - some rpoduce antibiotics.
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| Staphylococcus | Grape clusters, cocci, low G+C (firmicutes), gram +, faculative anaerobes, yellow.
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| Staphylococcus aureus | Lab - gram +, grape clusters, yellow, low G+C (firmicutes), beta-hemolysis, catalase +, oxidase +, ferments mannitol - enterotoxin causes vomiting - can be antibiotic resistant - abscesses.
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| Toxins in S. aureus help it to do what? | Invade the body or damage tissue.
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| Enterotoxin | From S. aureus - cuases vomiting & nausea - most common cause of food poisoning.
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| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Gram +, grape clusters, low G+C (firmicutes), fac. anaerobe, catalase +, no hemolysis, no change in agar color, VP+ - normally lives on skin & mucous membrane - when immune system weak.
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| Lactobacillales | Low G+C (firmicutes), gram +, lactic acid +, aerotolerant.
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| Lactobacillus used to make? | Pickles, yogurt, buttermilk - lactic acid fermenters - gram +, firmicutes.
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| Streptococcus | Gram +, firmicutes (low G+C), chains of cocci, destroy phagocytic cells that ingest them, digest CT of host - lyse fibrin - some are beta-hymolytic & some aren't.
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| Name some of the beta-hemolytic Streptococci | S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae.
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| Name some non-hemolytic Streptococci. | S. pneumoniae, S. mutans.
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| Alpha-hemolytic appears? | Colonies surrounded by greening which is partial distruction of RBCs.
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| Streptococcus pyogenes | Lab - gram +, cocci, chains, non-pigmented, beta-hemolysis, catalase -, causes strep throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever - M protein allows them to avoid phagocytosis.
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae | Lab - gram +, cocci, in pairs, alpha-hemolytic, catalase -, encapsulated, pneumococcal pneumonia, & meningitis
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| Enterococcus faecalis | Lab - gram +, cocci, chains/pairs/clusters, beta-hemolysis, catalase -, oxidase -, normal in intestines - can cause UTI - nosocomial infections - in wounds & cathaders.
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| What enzyme lyses RBCs in beta-hemolytic species? | hemolysin
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| Causes dental caries | Streptococcus mutans
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| Enterococcus found where? | Low oxygen places in body - GI tract, vagina, oral cavity, & stools.
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| Enterococcus | Gram +, low G+C (firmicutes), found in hospitals (nosocomial) - highly resistant to antibiotics - surgical wound infections.
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| Mycoplasmatales lack a __. | cell wall
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| Why don't filters work well on mycoplasmatales? | Tiny size & plasticity due to no cell wall - may be smallest self-replicating organism.
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| Loosing genetic material is called __. | degenerative evolution
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| Irregular morphology | pleomorphic
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| What are Actinobacteria? | High G+C, gram + bacteria like mycobacterium, corynebacterium & Nocardia - (actino=ray) - radiate, or starlike, form of growth - branching filaments.
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| Actinomycetes are Actinobacteria (high G+C) that resemble __ & reproduce how? | molds - by asexual spores
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| Mycobacterium | Tuberculosis & leprosy - Aerobic, non-endospore-forming rods, acid-fast, drug resistant, pathogenic due to cell wall (mycolic acids) - waxy & water resistant.
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| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | Lab - High G+C (Actinobacteria), straight, gram +, rod, like stacks of coins - diptheriae
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| Which Actinobacteria genus produces most of our commercial antibiotics? | Streptomyces - gram +, high G+C bacteria (Actinobacteria).
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| Filament forming is advantageous in what environment? | Soil
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| Nocardia | Actinobacteria (high G+C), gram +, aerobic, acid-fast, soil
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| Why are Actinomyces not classified as fungi? | They are prokaryotic.
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| Chlamydiae lack __ in their cell walls. | peptidoglycan
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| Besides lacking peptidoglycan in cell walls, what makes chlamydiae unique? | Their debelopmental cycle - elementary bodies, reticulate bodies, & intermediate bodies.
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| Elementary bodies of chlamydiae | infectious stage (small)
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| Reticulate bodies of chlamydiae | Reproduction in host cell
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| Intermediate bodies of chlamydiae | Stage from reticulate to elementary
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| Spirochetes move by? | Axial filaments (endoflagella) near pole of cell.
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| Name some diseases caused by spirochetes. | Gram + - syphilis & Lyme disease
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| Bacteroidetes | Gram +, high G+C (actinobacteria), anaerobic, intestinal tract & mouth - puncture wounds & peritonitis due to perforated bowel.
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| Fusobacteria | Gram +, high G+C (actinobacteria), anaerobic, pleomorphic, spindle-shaped - dental abcesses.
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| The Domain Archaea lack __. | peptidoglycan in cell walls
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| Gram of Archaea | Both + & - organisms.
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