DNA Replication and Functions
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| DNA Replications | a. Semi-conservative
b. Replication is bidirectional and initiates at specific site
c. Chromosomes ends require special replication
d. Replication requires multiple enzymatic reactions
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| What were the 3 models of replication propose? | 1. Semi-conservative
2. Conservative
3. Dispersive
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| Semi-conservative | DNA replication produces DNA molecules with 1 parental and 1 newly made strand
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| Conservative | DNA replications produces 1 double helix with both parental strands and other with 2 new daughter strands.
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| Dispersive | DNA replication produces DNA strands in which segments of new DNA are integrated with parental strand.
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| DNA is copied semi-conservative | a. 2 parental strands separate and serves as template strands.
b. new nucleotides must obey the AT/GC rule
c. end results with 2 new double helix and with same base sequence as original
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| What is the origin of replication? | site of start point for replication
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| Which way is replication going? | Replication is bidirectional in which it proceeds outward in both directions
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| How is bacteria and eukaryotic differ in their replication? | Bacteria has only a single point of replication while eukaryote has multiple origins of replication
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| What is the origin of replication? | it forms an opening called a replication bubble that forms two replication folks.
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| Where is DNA replication occur? | near the folk
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| How is DNA synthesis begins? | It begins with a primer attached and proceeds from 5-3 prime
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| Leading strand | Made in direction fork is moving and synthesize as one long continuous strand and only require one primer
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| Lagging strand | It is made as Okazaki fragments that have to be connected later and requires multiple primer
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| Synthesize Lagging strand | a. Primase synthesizes short RNA oligonucleotides copied from DNA
b. DNA polymerase III elongates RNA primers with new DNA
c. DNA polymerase I removes RNA at the 5 prime end of neighboring fragment and fills the gap
d. DNA ligase connect the DNA
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| DNA helicase | binds to DNA and travels from 5 to 3; uses ATP to separate strands and move fork.
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| DNA topoisomerase | relieves additional coiling ahead of replication fork
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| Single-strand binding protein | keep parental strands single-stranded, so they can act as template
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| DNA polymerase | covalently links nucleotides and uses deoxynucleoside triphosphate
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| Deoxynucleoside triphosphate | breaking covalent bonds to release pyrophosphate provides energy to connect adjacent nucleotides
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| Characteristic of DNA polymerase | 1. unable to initiate DNA synthesis if there is no template strand. Primase must make a short RNA primer and then primer is then removed and replaced with DNA
2. DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in a 5 to 3 prime direction
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| 5 types of DNA polymerase | 1. Polymerase III which is responsible for replication
2. DNA polymerase I has single subunit which is to remove RNA primer and fills in DNA
3. DNA II, IV involved in repair and replicate damage DNA
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| What happen if there is not any template strand to go off? | This causes DNA strand to shortens and it can be solves
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| Telomeres | series of repeated sequences of DNA and its only in eukryotes
at the 3 prime end, it does not have a complementary strand and its called an 3 prime overhang
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| Telomerase | it prevents the chromosome from shortening and attached many copies of repeated DNA sequences to the ends of chromosome and provide upstream site for RNA primer
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