Fluency disorders
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| what are the 5 elements of fluency | rate, rhythm, smoothness, effort, atomaticalit
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| what is disfluency | the disruption of flow of speech
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| what qualiifies as a fluency disorder? | 3 or more stuttering like disfluencies per 100 words
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| core features | monosyllabic whole-word repetitions, part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, block
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| secondary behaviors | emotions or attitudes towards disfluencies
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| prevalence of stuttering | 1% of the population, currently 3 million americans stutter
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| incidence of stuttering | 5% over life time; 15 million americans
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| gender ratio | 3:1 at onset; 7:1 in adolescence
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| do more males or females stutter | males
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| _____% recover from stuttering | 75%
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| primary stuttering behaviors | monosyllabic whole-word repetitions, part-word repetitions, sound prolongations, blocks
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| psychosocial behaviors | avoidance (word/sound, and situation), passivity in conversation, avoids talking, fear, embarrasment
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| predisposing factors | (constitutional factors that increase suseptibility) gender, genetics
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| precipitating factors | developmental and environmental factors worsen stuttering (age, stress)
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| 2 approaches to treatment | stuttering modification, fluency shaping
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| which approach is easier? | stuttering modification
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| what is stuttering modification | teaching a person to stutter better, more fluently, light articulation
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| what is fluency shaping? | teaching a person to speak without stuttering, reconstructing speech production
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| different roles of voice | carries words, reflects personality, reveals physical state, delivers message and adds meaning to the message
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| what is resonance | shaping by vibration of air in cavities of head and neck
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| what is the driving force for speech | respiration
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| what are the 9 cartilages/muscles of the Larynx | arytenoids, corniculates, suneiforms, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis
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| what is the epiglottis | flap that covers larynx and protects it
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| faster rate of vibration of the vocal folds produces... | higher pitch (more hertz)
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| greater pressure of air through the vocal folds causes... | greater intensity (loudness) and greater distance for the vocal folds to move when opening and closing
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| what makes the voice sound breathy? | air escapes through the vocal folds, the vocal folds don't close all the way
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| hypernasal | too much air goes through nose
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| hyponasal | not enough air goes through nose
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| what is a voice disorder | abnormal production or absence of vocal quality, pitch and loudness, given individual's ge and gender
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| why account for age and gender when looking at voice disorders? | gender- males have a deeper voice, females have a wider range; age- elderly people speak softer, puberty causes change in the voice
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| symptoms of voice problems | harseness, vocal fatigue, breathy voice, reduced range, aphonia, pitch breaks, tremor, pain and other physical sensations
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| vocal abuse | chronic overuse/misuse of vocal apparatus
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| vocally abusive behaviors | talking in noisy environments, coughing, clearing throat frequently, using caffeine,smoking
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| who's at risk for vocal nodules? | teachers, singers, children, cheerleaders
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| vocal hygiene, ways to protect vocal cords | drink water with caffeine, yell from diaphragm, don't whisper, speak at the level you are supposed to be speaking
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| women: WF vibration/VF size | 220 Hz, smaller size and more stretched out
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| men: VF vibration/ VF size | 120 Hz, larger/longer, more bulky
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| how to make a man's voice sound more feminine? | breathy phonation, lighter/softer voice, more pitch variability, more interjections (um) and hang gestures
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