terms
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| computers bus | is the circuit or signaling pathway used by the motherboard to transmit data to the pc components ,including its memory ,processor,hard disk and nic
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| computers bus | system bus main bus
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| a data path size | equals the number of bits that it can transmit in parallel at any given rate
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| PCIe bus | most popular expansion board NIC today
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| PCIe slot | can support up to 32 lanes
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| device driver | software that enables an attached device to communicate with the computers operating system
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| GBIC | gigabit interface converter
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| sfp | small form factor pluggable transceviers
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| gbic | standard type of modular interface
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| small form factor pluggable | provide the same function as a gbic but allow more ports per inch
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| sfp standards | enable these transceivers to send and receive data at rates up to 10 Gbps
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| gbic | standard type of modular interface designed in the 1990s for gigabit ethernet connections
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| repeaters | simplest type of connectivity devices that regenerate a digital signal
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| repeaters | do not interpret the data they retransmit
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| repeaters | suited only to bus topologies
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| repeaters | extend a network inexpensively
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| hub | repeater with more then one output port
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| gbic | ability to transmit at gigabit speed if it is not a gigabit switch
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| hub | repeater with more then one output port
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| uplink port | allows the hub to connect to another hub or connectivity device
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| repeaters | operate at the physical layer of the osi model
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| bridges | devices that connect two network segments by analyzing incoming frames and making decisions about where to direct them based on each frames MAC address
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| bridges | operate at the data link layer of the osi model
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| bridges | one input one output port but can interpret physical addressing information
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| bridges | protocol independent
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| bridges | analyze incoming frames and decides where to direct them
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| bridges | contains known mac addresses and network location
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| bridges | extend a network without further extending a collision domain or segment
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| filtering database | a collection of known MAC address and their locations on a network
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| switches | connectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces or segments
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| switches | interpret MAC address information
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| switch | interprets mac address info to determine whether to filter,discard,or forward packets it receives
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| switches | multiple ports which can make better use of bandwidth than bridges
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| common switch components | internal processor,operating system,memory,ports
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| two advantages of switches | better security better performance
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| switch | turns a shared channel into several channels
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| each port on a switch acts like a bridge | each device connected to a switch effectively receives its own dedicated channel
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| each dedicated channel | represents a collision domain
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| switching methods | cut thru mode store and forward mode
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| cut thru mode | reads a frames header and decides where to forward the data before it receives the entire packet
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| on most switches the uplink port | is directly wired to its adjacent port inside the device
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| runts | erroneously shortened packets
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| cut thu switches | cannot detect corrupt packets
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| switches | give each node a dedicated channel
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| cut thu mode | runt detected,wait for integrity check
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| cut thru mode most significant advantage | speed because it does not stop to read the entire packet just the first fourteen bytes
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| runts | erroneously shortened packets
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| cut thu switches | cannot detect corrupt packets
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| switches | give each node a dedicated channel
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| cut thu mode | runt detected,wait for integrity check
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| cut thru mode most significant advantage | speed because it does not stop to read the entire packet just the frame header
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| cut thru mode disadvantage | data buffering,switch flooded with traffic
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| cut thru switches | best suited to small workgroups with a low number of devices in which speed is important
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| store and forward mode | switch reads entire data frame into memory
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| store and forward mode | checks for accurancy before transmitting
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| store and forward mode | transmits data more accurately but more slowly
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| store and forward mode | can transfer data between segments running different transmission speeds
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| vlan | virtual local area network
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| vlans | logically separate networks within networks by grouping a number of ports into a broadcast domain
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| vlans | group ports into broadcast domains
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| broadcast domain | port combination making a layer 2 segment
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| broadcast domain | ports rely on layer two devicess to forward broadcast frames
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| collision domain | ports in same broadcast domain
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| collision domain | do not share a single channel
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| reasons for using vlans | separating groups of users who need special security or network functions
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| reasons for using vlans | connect multiple nodes across my network but have them logically function on one network
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| reasons for using vlans | flexible
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| reasons for using vlans | isolating connections with heavy or unpredictable traffic patterns
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| reasons for using vlans | identifying priority device groups
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| reasons for using vlans | grouping legacy protocol devices
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| reasons for using vlans | separating large network into smaller subnets
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| reasons for using vlans | allows visitors access to minimal network functions
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| a switch is typically preconfigured | with one default vlan that includes all its ports
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| broadcast domain | subnet
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| 802.1q | specifies how vlan information appears in frames and how switches interpret that information
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| switches | seperate collision domains
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| once you create a vlan | you also maintain it via the switch's software
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| potential problem in creating vlans | by grouping certain nodes you are not merely including those nodes-you are excluding another group
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| trunk | physical connection between switches
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| to keep the data belonging to each vlan separate | each frame is identified with a vlan identifier,or tag.
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| critical step in creating vlans | indicate which vlan each port belongs to
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| vlan trunking protocol | allows one switch on a network to centrally manage all vlans
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| access port | used for connecting nodes that can only exchange information with the switch
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| vlan disadvantage | cutting off the group from the rest of the network
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| trunking | switchs interface carries traffic of multiple vlans
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| vlan data separation | frame contains vlan identifier in header
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| in the context of switching a trunk is a | single physical connection between switches thru which many logical vlans can transmit and receive data
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| spanning tree protocol | iee standard 802.1d and function sin the data layer
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| stp | prevents traffic loops by calculating paths that avoid potential loops and by artificially blocking the links that would complete a loop
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| stp | can adapt to changes in the network
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| root bridge | will provide the basis for all subsequent path calculations
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| one root bridge exits on a network | from it a series of logical branches,data paths,emanate
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| bridge ID | combination o a 2-byte priority field and the bridges mac address
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| stp | disables links that are not part of the
shortest path
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| rapid spanning tree protocol | ieee 802.1w
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| stp | operates in data link layer
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| rstp | can detect and correct for link failures
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| switches | operate in layer two of the osi
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| routers | operate in layer three
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| stp | prevents traffic loops
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| stp | artifically blocking links completeing loops
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| hubs | operate in layer one
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| stp three steps | select root bridge based on bridge id
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| stp three steps | examine possible paths between network and root bridge
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| stp three steps | disable links not part of the shortest path
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| layer three switch | routing switch
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| switches that operate anywhere between layer four and layer seven | content switches
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| application switches | the ability to interpret higher layer data enables switches to perform advanced filtering,statistics keeping and security functions
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| router | multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network
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| when a router receives an incoming packet | it reads the packets logical addressing in formation
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| network layer protocols | direct data from one segment or type of network to another
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| content switch | interprets layer four thru layer seven data
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| content and multilayer switches advantages | advanced filtering, keeping statistics, security function
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| routers are slower than switches and bridges | because they take time to interprt information in layer three and higher
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| routers | determine the shortest fastest path between two nodes
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| vlans | connect different subnets
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| router | directs data between network nodes
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| routers | protocol dependent,designed to recognize a protocol before they can use it
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| switches | protocol independent
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| routers | reroute traffic if a primary path is down but anoher path is available
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| interior router | directs data between nodes on an autonomous lan,a single network,interior traffic
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| exterior router | directs data between nodes outside a given autonomous lan,for example routers used on the internets backbone
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| border routers | connects an autonomous lan with an exterior network,for example the router that connects a business to its isp
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| gateway routers | border router
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| static routing | technique in which a router is programmed to use a specific path between nodes
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| dynamic routing | automatically calculates the best path between two nodes and accumulates the info in a routing table
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| dynamic routing | if congestion or failure affects the network a router can detect the problems and reroute data thru a different path
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| router capabilities | reroute traffic,interpret layer three addressing,connect dissimiliar networks
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| best path | the most efficient route from one node on a network to another
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| routing tables | identify which routers serve which hosts
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| routing protocols | the means by which routers communicate with each other about network status
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| routing protocols | determine the best path to take between nodes
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| routing metric | determines the best path for data to follow over a network
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| convergence time | the time it takes for a router to recognize a best path in the event of a change or a network outage
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| distance vector routing protocol | determine the best route for data based on the distance to a destination
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| routing information protocol | oldest routing protocol,only factors in number of hops between nodes
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| interior gateway protocol | routing protocol that can only route data within an autonomous internal network
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| routing information protocol version two | generates less broadcast traffic and functions more securely cannot exceed fifteen hops
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| border gateway protocol | a distance vector routing protocol capable of considering many factors in its routing metrics.routing protocol used on internet backbones
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| exterior gateway protocol | routing protocol that can span multiple,autonomous networks
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| enhanced interior gateway protocol | routing protocol that has a fast convergence time and a low network overhead,but it is easier to configure and less CPU intensive that ospf
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| link state routing protocol | enables routers across a network to share information,after which each router can independently map the network and determine the best path between itself and a packets destination node
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| ospf | open shortest path first
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| routing protocols dependent on | hops between nodes
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| routing protocols dependent on | current network activity
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| routing protocols dependent on | unavailable link
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| routing protocols dependent on | network transmission speed
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| routing protocols dependent on | topology
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| rip | distance vector protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric and allows up to fifteen hops
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| ospf | a link state routing protocol used on interior or border routers,no hop limit
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| bgp | communicates using bgp specific messages, many factors determine best paths
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| link state routing protocol | one that enables routers across a network to share information
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| link state protocol | routers share information
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| link state protocol | open shortest path first
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| border gateway protocol | distance vector protocol suited to wans
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| IS IS | intermediate system to intermediate system
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| is is | link state routing protocol
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| is is | type of igp
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| hybrid routing protocols | combined link state and distance vector protocols
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| eigrp | fast convergence time,low network overhead
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| eigrp | supports multiple protocols
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| gateways | combinations of networking hardware and software that connect two dissimilar kinds of networks
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| gateways | resides on servers,microcomputers,connectivity devices or mainframes
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| gateways | they may connect two systems that use different formatting,communication protocols, or architecture
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| firewalls | gateway that selectively blocks or filters traffic between networks
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