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networkingChapter6
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| computers bus | is the circuit or signaling pathway used by the motherboard to transmit data to the pc components ,including its memory ,processor,hard disk and nic |
| computers bus | system bus main bus |
| a data path size | equals the number of bits that it can transmit in parallel at any given rate |
| PCIe bus | most popular expansion board NIC today |
| PCIe slot | can support up to 32 lanes |
| device driver | software that enables an attached device to communicate with the computers operating system |
| GBIC | gigabit interface converter |
| sfp | small form factor pluggable transceviers |
| gbic | standard type of modular interface |
| small form factor pluggable | provide the same function as a gbic but allow more ports per inch |
| sfp standards | enable these transceivers to send and receive data at rates up to 10 Gbps |
| gbic | standard type of modular interface designed in the 1990s for gigabit ethernet connections |
| repeaters | simplest type of connectivity devices that regenerate a digital signal |
| repeaters | do not interpret the data they retransmit |
| repeaters | suited only to bus topologies |
| repeaters | extend a network inexpensively |
| hub | repeater with more then one output port |
| gbic | ability to transmit at gigabit speed if it is not a gigabit switch |
| hub | repeater with more then one output port |
| uplink port | allows the hub to connect to another hub or connectivity device |
| repeaters | operate at the physical layer of the osi model |
| bridges | devices that connect two network segments by analyzing incoming frames and making decisions about where to direct them based on each frames MAC address |
| bridges | operate at the data link layer of the osi model |
| bridges | one input one output port but can interpret physical addressing information |
| bridges | protocol independent |
| bridges | analyze incoming frames and decides where to direct them |
| bridges | contains known mac addresses and network location |
| bridges | extend a network without further extending a collision domain or segment |
| filtering database | a collection of known MAC address and their locations on a network |
| switches | connectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces or segments |
| switches | interpret MAC address information |
| switch | interprets mac address info to determine whether to filter,discard,or forward packets it receives |
| switches | multiple ports which can make better use of bandwidth than bridges |
| common switch components | internal processor,operating system,memory,ports |
| two advantages of switches | better security better performance |
| switch | turns a shared channel into several channels |
| each port on a switch acts like a bridge | each device connected to a switch effectively receives its own dedicated channel |
| each dedicated channel | represents a collision domain |
| switching methods | cut thru mode store and forward mode |
| cut thru mode | reads a frames header and decides where to forward the data before it receives the entire packet |
| on most switches the uplink port | is directly wired to its adjacent port inside the device |
| runts | erroneously shortened packets |
| cut thu switches | cannot detect corrupt packets |
| switches | give each node a dedicated channel |
| cut thu mode | runt detected,wait for integrity check |
| cut thru mode most significant advantage | speed because it does not stop to read the entire packet just the first fourteen bytes |
| runts | erroneously shortened packets |
| cut thu switches | cannot detect corrupt packets |
| switches | give each node a dedicated channel |
| cut thu mode | runt detected,wait for integrity check |
| cut thru mode most significant advantage | speed because it does not stop to read the entire packet just the frame header |
| cut thru mode disadvantage | data buffering,switch flooded with traffic |
| cut thru switches | best suited to small workgroups with a low number of devices in which speed is important |
| store and forward mode | switch reads entire data frame into memory |
| store and forward mode | checks for accurancy before transmitting |
| store and forward mode | transmits data more accurately but more slowly |
| store and forward mode | can transfer data between segments running different transmission speeds |
| vlan | virtual local area network |
| vlans | logically separate networks within networks by grouping a number of ports into a broadcast domain |
| vlans | group ports into broadcast domains |
| broadcast domain | port combination making a layer 2 segment |
| broadcast domain | ports rely on layer two devicess to forward broadcast frames |
| collision domain | ports in same broadcast domain |
| collision domain | do not share a single channel |
| reasons for using vlans | separating groups of users who need special security or network functions |
| reasons for using vlans | connect multiple nodes across my network but have them logically function on one network |
| reasons for using vlans | flexible |
| reasons for using vlans | isolating connections with heavy or unpredictable traffic patterns |
| reasons for using vlans | identifying priority device groups |
| reasons for using vlans | grouping legacy protocol devices |
| reasons for using vlans | separating large network into smaller subnets |
| reasons for using vlans | allows visitors access to minimal network functions |
| a switch is typically preconfigured | with one default vlan that includes all its ports |
| broadcast domain | subnet |
| 802.1q | specifies how vlan information appears in frames and how switches interpret that information |
| switches | seperate collision domains |
| once you create a vlan | you also maintain it via the switch's software |
| potential problem in creating vlans | by grouping certain nodes you are not merely including those nodes-you are excluding another group |
| trunk | physical connection between switches |
| to keep the data belonging to each vlan separate | each frame is identified with a vlan identifier,or tag. |
| critical step in creating vlans | indicate which vlan each port belongs to |
| vlan trunking protocol | allows one switch on a network to centrally manage all vlans |
| access port | used for connecting nodes that can only exchange information with the switch |
| vlan disadvantage | cutting off the group from the rest of the network |
| trunking | switchs interface carries traffic of multiple vlans |
| vlan data separation | frame contains vlan identifier in header |
| in the context of switching a trunk is a | single physical connection between switches thru which many logical vlans can transmit and receive data |
| spanning tree protocol | iee standard 802.1d and function sin the data layer |
| stp | prevents traffic loops by calculating paths that avoid potential loops and by artificially blocking the links that would complete a loop |
| stp | can adapt to changes in the network |
| root bridge | will provide the basis for all subsequent path calculations |
| one root bridge exits on a network | from it a series of logical branches,data paths,emanate |
| bridge ID | combination o a 2-byte priority field and the bridges mac address |
| stp | disables links that are not part of the shortest path |
| rapid spanning tree protocol | ieee 802.1w |
| stp | operates in data link layer |
| rstp | can detect and correct for link failures |
| switches | operate in layer two of the osi |
| routers | operate in layer three |
| stp | prevents traffic loops |
| stp | artifically blocking links completeing loops |
| hubs | operate in layer one |
| stp three steps | select root bridge based on bridge id |
| stp three steps | examine possible paths between network and root bridge |
| stp three steps | disable links not part of the shortest path |
| layer three switch | routing switch |
| switches that operate anywhere between layer four and layer seven | content switches |
| application switches | the ability to interpret higher layer data enables switches to perform advanced filtering,statistics keeping and security functions |
| router | multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network |
| when a router receives an incoming packet | it reads the packets logical addressing in formation |
| network layer protocols | direct data from one segment or type of network to another |
| content switch | interprets layer four thru layer seven data |
| content and multilayer switches advantages | advanced filtering, keeping statistics, security function |
| routers are slower than switches and bridges | because they take time to interprt information in layer three and higher |
| routers | determine the shortest fastest path between two nodes |
| vlans | connect different subnets |
| router | directs data between network nodes |
| routers | protocol dependent,designed to recognize a protocol before they can use it |
| switches | protocol independent |
| routers | reroute traffic if a primary path is down but anoher path is available |
| interior router | directs data between nodes on an autonomous lan,a single network,interior traffic |
| exterior router | directs data between nodes outside a given autonomous lan,for example routers used on the internets backbone |
| border routers | connects an autonomous lan with an exterior network,for example the router that connects a business to its isp |
| gateway routers | border router |
| static routing | technique in which a router is programmed to use a specific path between nodes |
| dynamic routing | automatically calculates the best path between two nodes and accumulates the info in a routing table |
| dynamic routing | if congestion or failure affects the network a router can detect the problems and reroute data thru a different path |
| router capabilities | reroute traffic,interpret layer three addressing,connect dissimiliar networks |
| best path | the most efficient route from one node on a network to another |
| routing tables | identify which routers serve which hosts |
| routing protocols | the means by which routers communicate with each other about network status |
| routing protocols | determine the best path to take between nodes |
| routing metric | determines the best path for data to follow over a network |
| convergence time | the time it takes for a router to recognize a best path in the event of a change or a network outage |
| distance vector routing protocol | determine the best route for data based on the distance to a destination |
| routing information protocol | oldest routing protocol,only factors in number of hops between nodes |
| interior gateway protocol | routing protocol that can only route data within an autonomous internal network |
| routing information protocol version two | generates less broadcast traffic and functions more securely cannot exceed fifteen hops |
| border gateway protocol | a distance vector routing protocol capable of considering many factors in its routing metrics.routing protocol used on internet backbones |
| exterior gateway protocol | routing protocol that can span multiple,autonomous networks |
| enhanced interior gateway protocol | routing protocol that has a fast convergence time and a low network overhead,but it is easier to configure and less CPU intensive that ospf |
| link state routing protocol | enables routers across a network to share information,after which each router can independently map the network and determine the best path between itself and a packets destination node |
| ospf | open shortest path first |
| routing protocols dependent on | hops between nodes |
| routing protocols dependent on | current network activity |
| routing protocols dependent on | unavailable link |
| routing protocols dependent on | network transmission speed |
| routing protocols dependent on | topology |
| rip | distance vector protocol that uses hop count as its routing metric and allows up to fifteen hops |
| ospf | a link state routing protocol used on interior or border routers,no hop limit |
| bgp | communicates using bgp specific messages, many factors determine best paths |
| link state routing protocol | one that enables routers across a network to share information |
| link state protocol | routers share information |
| link state protocol | open shortest path first |
| border gateway protocol | distance vector protocol suited to wans |
| IS IS | intermediate system to intermediate system |
| is is | link state routing protocol |
| is is | type of igp |
| hybrid routing protocols | combined link state and distance vector protocols |
| eigrp | fast convergence time,low network overhead |
| eigrp | supports multiple protocols |
| gateways | combinations of networking hardware and software that connect two dissimilar kinds of networks |
| gateways | resides on servers,microcomputers,connectivity devices or mainframes |
| gateways | they may connect two systems that use different formatting,communication protocols, or architecture |
| firewalls | gateway that selectively blocks or filters traffic between networks |
Created by:
cgeaski
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