terms
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| media | physical or atmospheric paths that signals follow
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| transmit | issue signals along a network medium such as a cable
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| transmission | process of transmitting or the progress of signals after they have transmitted
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| signaling methods | analog digital
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| volts | electrical current pressure
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| strength of a signal | is directly proportional to its voltage
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| transceiver | transmits and receives signals
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| voltage | strength of a signal
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| signals can be | current, light pulses, electromagnetic waves
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| analog signal properties | amplitude frequency wavelength phase
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| amplitude | height of the wave
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| amplitude | measure of a waves strength at any given time
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| frequency | number of times the amplitude cycles over fixed time
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| wavelength | distance between one peak and the next
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| phase | progress of wave over time in a relationship compared to a fixed point
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| hertz | one full wave per second
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| frequency expressed in | cycles per second
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| hertz | cycles per second
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| wavelength | distance between corresponding points on a wave cycle
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| analog signal benefit | more variable than digital signals so they can convey greater subtleties with less energy
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| analog signal drawback | voltage is varied and imprecise
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| noise | any type of interference that may degrade a signal
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| analog transmission | is more susceptible to transmission flaws
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| digital signals | composed of pulses of precise,positive voltages and zero voltages
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| one | pulse of positive voltages
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| in a data signal | multiple bytes are combined to form a message
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| eight bits | byte
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| digital transmission involves | sending and receiving only a pattern of ones and zeros
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| overhead | describes the nondata information that must accompany data for a signal to be properly routed and interpreted by a network
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| examples of overhead | data link layer header and trailer
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| examples of overhead | network layer addressing information
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| examples of overhead | transport layer flow control information
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| standards dictate | type of transmitter,communications channel,and receiver should be used
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| modem | modulator demodulator
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| data modulation | used to modify analog signals to make them suitable for carrying data over a communication path
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| modulation | simple wave
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| modulation | combined with another analog signal to produce a unique signal that gets transmitted from one node to another
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| simple wave | carrier wave
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| carrier wave | purpose is a messenger, help convey information
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| data wave | information
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| frequency modulation radio | data must travel along a particular frequency
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| modulation | used to make a signal conform to a specific pathway
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| am | a modulation technique in which the amplitude of the carrier signal is modified by the application of a data signal
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| fm | a method of data modulation in which the frequency of the carrier signal is modified by the application of a data signal
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| data transmission | direction in which the signals travel over the media
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| simplex | signals travel in only one direction
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| simplex | unidirectional communication
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| digital drawback | many pulses required to transmit same information
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| digital benefit | more reliable less noise interference
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| overhead | required for proper signal routing and interpretation
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| half duplex | signals travel in both directions but only one direction at a time
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| half duplex | walkie talkie
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| modem | accomplishes translation
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| data modulation | make data suitable for carrying over communication path
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| data modulation | data relies on digital transmission
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| carrier wave | combined with another analog signal
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| carrier wave | produces a unique signal
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| carrier wave | purpose is to convey information
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| information wave | data wave
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| data wave | added to a carrier wave
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| information wave | modifies one carrier wave property
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| full duplex | bidirectional transmission
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| full duplex transmission | telephone call
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| full duplex transmission | ethernet networks because they use multiple channels on the same medium
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| makes use of modulation | digital subscriber line
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| channel | distinct communication path between nodes
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| channels are seperated | physically and logically
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| full duplex capability | increases the speed in which data travels over the network
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| multiplexing | a form of transmission that allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium
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| full duplex | signals travel in both directions simultaneously
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| subchannels | the mediums channel is logically seperated into multiple smaller channels in order to carry multiple signals
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| multiplexer | a device that can combine many signals on a channel
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| channel | a lane on a highway.distinct way to communicate
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| multiplexer | required at the transmitting end of a channel
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| demultiplexer | at the receiving end
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| physical seperation | one wire for transmission and one for reception
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| demultiplexer | seperates the combined signals and regenerates them in their original form
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| networks rely on multiplexing to | increase the amount of data that can be transmitted in any given time or span over a given bandwidth
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| time division multiplexing | divides a channel into multiple intervals of time
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| tdm | time slots
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| subchannels | logical multiple smaller channels
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| multiplexing | travel simultaneously over one medium
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| mux | combines many signals
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| demux | seperates combined signals
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| tdm | assigns a seperate time slot to every node on the network,and,in that time slot,carries data from that node
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| time slots | reserved for their designated nodes regardless of whetehr or not the node has data to transmit
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| tdm | inefficient if the nodes on the network rarely send data
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| statistical multiplexing | the transmitter assignes slots to nodes according to priority and need
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| frequency division multiplexing | assigns a unique frequency band to each communications subchannel
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| wavelength division multiplexing | technology used with fiber optic cable which enables one fiber optic connection to carry multiple light signals simultaneously
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| dense wavelength division multiplexing | a multiplexing technique used over singlw mode or multimode fiber optic cable in which each signal is assigned a different wavelength for its carrier wave
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| wavelength division multiplexing | a multiplexing technique in which each single on a fiber optic channel is assigned a different wavelength, which equates to its own subchannel
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| analog | wave
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| digital | block
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| fdm | cell phones dsl
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| point to point transmission | one transmitter and one receiver
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| point to multipoint transmission | one transmitter and multiple receivers
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| broadcast transmission | one transmitter and multiple undefined receivers
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| nonbroadcast | one transmitter and multiple defined recipients
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| broadcast transmission | simple and quick; used on wired and wireless networks
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| important characteristics of data transmission | type of signaling and the direction in which it travels
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| important characteristics of data transmission | number of senders and receivers;the relationship between them
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| broadcast transmission | everyone can get the transmission whether or not they want it
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| data communication may involve | a single transmitter with one or more receivers
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| data communication may involve | multiple transmitters with one or more transceivers
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| throughput | capacity ot bandwith
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| throughput | amount of data transmitted during given time
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| throughput | expressed as quantity of bits transmitted per second
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| bandwidth | difference between highest and lowest frequencies medium can transmit
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| bandwidth | range of frequencies
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| bandwidth | measured in hertz
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| bandwidth | the width of your frequency band
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| baseband systems | can transmit only one signal ,or one channel,at a time
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| baseband | transmission form in which digital signals are sent thru direct current pulses applied to the wire
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| baseband | supports half duplex and full duplex
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| broadband | form of transmission in which signals are modulated as radio frequency analog waves that use different frequency waves
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| baseband | does not encode information as digital pulses
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| broadband | more expensive because of extra hardware
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| broadband | span longer didistances than baseband
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| emi | common source of noise
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| emi | waves that emanate from electrical devices or cables carrying electricity
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| type of emi | radio frequency interference
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| cross talk | a signal traveling on one wire or cable infringes on the signal traveling over an adjacent wire or cable
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| alien cross talk | cross talk occurs between two cables
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| next | near end cross talk
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| attenuation | loss of a signals strength as it travels away from the source
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| repeater | a device that regenerates a digital signal
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| regeneration | process of retransmitting a digital signal,repeats the pure signal,with no noise
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| latency | the delay between the transmission of a signal and its receipt
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| affects latency | length of the cable and intervening connectivity device
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| round trip time | length of time it takes for a packet to go from sender to receiver,then back from receiver to sender
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| to constrain the latency and avoid its associated errors | each type of cabling is rated for a maximum number of connected network segments
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| to constrain the latency and avoid its associated errors | each transmission method is assigned a maximum segment length
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| throughput is limited | by the signaling and multiplexing techniques used in a given transmission method`
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| baseband transmission | ethernet
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| factors that affect the final cost in choosing to use a certain type of media | cost of installation
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| factors that affect the final cost in choosing to use a certain type of media | cost of new system versus the old one
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| factors that affect the final cost in choosing to use a certain type of media | maintenance and support
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| factors that affect the final cost in choosing to use a certain type of media | cost of a lower transmission rate affecting productivity
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| factors that affect the final cost in choosing to use a certain type of media | downtime
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| near end cross talk | occurs near source
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| type of media least affected by noise | fiber optic cable
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| conduit | pipeline to contain and further protect cabling
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| the maximum segment length depends on | attenuation, latency, maximum network length
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| populated segment | part of a network that coontains end nodes
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| unpopulated segment | link segment
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| link segment | part of the network that does not contain end nodes but connects two networking devices such as routers
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| maximum distance a signal can travel and still be interpreted | is equal to a segments length
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| factors that determine the size and scalabiility of networking media | maximum nodes per segment
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| factors that determine the size and scalabiility of networking media | maximum segment length
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| factors that determine the size and scalabiility of networking media | maximum network length
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| amplifiers and repeaters | found in the physical layer of the osi model
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| repeater | device regenerates digital signals
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| amplifier | boosts analog signals
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| connectors | pieces of hardware that connects the wire to the network device
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| media converter | hardware that enables networks or segments running on different media to interconnect and exchange signals
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| physical media characteristics | throughput
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| physical media characteristics | cost
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| physical media characteristics | noise and immunity
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| physical media characteristics | connectors and media converters
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| causes of throughput limitation | laws of physics
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| causes of throughput limitation | noise
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| causes of throughput limitation | signaling and multiplexing techniques
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| causes of throughput limitation | devices connected to transmission medium
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| maximum nodes per segment dependency | attenuation and latency
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| sheath | jacket
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| attenuation | signal decaying over time
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| latency | time back and forth
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| sheath | protects the cable from physical damage
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| because of its shielding | most coaxial cable has a high resistance to noise
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| rg | radio guide
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| significane difference between cable types | lie in the materials used for their shielding and conducting cores
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| impedeance | resistance that contributes to controlling the signal
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| impedance | expressed in ohms
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| transmission characteristics | impedance attenuation throughput
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| awg | american wire gauge
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| coaxial cable | is used to guide radio frequencies in broadband transmission
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| awg size | size of the conducting core in a coaxial cable
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| coaxial cable is a central metal core | surrounded by insulator,braided metal sheilding,outer cover
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| rg 6 | deliver broadband cable internet service and cable tv
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| rg 6 | impedeance of 75 ohms and contains 18 awg conducting core
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| coaxial cable advantage | carries signals farther before amplifier is required
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| coaxial cable disadvantage over twisted pair | more expensive
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| rg 8 | provided the medium for the first ethernet network
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| rg 8 | impedeance of 50 ohms and contains 10 awg conducting core
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| rg 58 | impedeance of 50 ohms and contains 24 awg conducting core
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| rg 59 | impedeance of 75 ohms and contains a 20 or 24 awg conducting core
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| rg 58 | popular medium for ethernet lans
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| rg 59 | used for relatively short connections
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| the larger the awg size | the smaller the diameter of a piece of wire
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| types of connectors | f type and bnc
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| twisted pair cable | inexpensive, flexible,easy to install,scommadates everal topologies,spans msignificant distance before requitring repeater
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| twisted pair cable | accomodates several different topologies
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| more wire twists per foot | more resistance to cross talk,higher quality,more expensive
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| hundreds of different designs | twisted pait cable
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| tia/eia 568 | wiring standard specification
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| twisted pair categories | shielded and unshielded
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| twisted pair categories | Cat 3,5,5e,6,6a,7
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| shielded twisted pair | individually shielded,each pair has a shield and then shielded as a whole
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| unshielded twisted pair | used most often
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| stp and utp | use registered jack 45
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| telephone connections | use registered jack 11
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| maximum segment length for stp and utp | 100 meters and 328 feet
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| patch cable | relatively short cable and had connectors at both ends
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| termination standards | tia/eia 568 a or b
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| tia 568 a or tia 568 b | defines a patch or a crossover cable
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| fiber optic cable | one or more glass or plastic fibers at its center core
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| data transmission | pulsing light sent from laser or light emittting diode thru central fibers
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| cladding | layer of glass or plastic surrounding core
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| fiber optic cable benefits | high throughput, high resistance to noise,
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| fiber optic cable benefits | excellent security,able to carry signals for a longer distance
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| fiber optic drawbacks | more expensive and requires special equipment to splice and connect
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| ferrule | short tube within a connector that encircles the fiber and keeps it properly aligned
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| optical loss | degradation of the light signal after it travels a certain distance away from its source
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| single mode fiber | consists of a narrow core of eight to ten microns in diameter
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| single mode fiber | laser generated light travels over one path
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| single mode fiber | light does not disperse as signal travels
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| single mode fiber | can carry signals many miles
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| multimode fiber | contains a core with a larger diameter than single mode fiber,usually fifty to 62.5 microns
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| multimode fiber | many pulses of light generated by a laser or led traveling at different angles
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| multimode fiber | greater attenuation than single mode fiber
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| multimode fiber | not suited to distances longer then a few miles,it is less expensive
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| fiber optic converter | required to connect multimode fiber networks to single mode fiber networks
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| serial | refers to a style of data transmission in which the pulses that represent bits follow one another along a single transmission line
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| serial | issued sequentially not simultaneously
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| physical layer standard | specifies signal voltage,signal timing,plus the characteristics of compatible interfaces
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| rs 232 | serial data transmission method
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| rs 232 connectors | db9,db 25,rj 45
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| straight thru cable | connect two dissimiliar devices
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| crossover cable | connect two similiar devices
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| cable plant | hardware that make sup the enterprise cabling system
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| tia/eia joint 568 commercial building wiring standard | structured cabling
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| entranc facilities | designates where the telecommunications service provider accepts responsibility for the external connection
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| demarc | their network stops and ours starts
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| main distribution frame | first point of interconnection between an organizations LAN or WAN and a service providers facility
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| mdf | computer room or equipment room
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| cross connect facilities | the point where circuits interconnect with other circuits
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| punch down block | panel of data recepors into which twisted pair wire is inserted,punched down,to complete a circuit
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| intermediate distribution frame | junction point between the mdf and concentration of fewer connections
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| backbone wiring | the cables or wireless links that provide interconnection between entrance facilities and mdfs,mdf,idfs and telecommunications closet
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| telecommunications closet | contains connectivity for groups of connections in the area
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| horizontal wiring | wiring that connects workstations to the closest telecommunications closet
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| three possible cabling types for horizontal wiring | stp,utp or fiber optic cables
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| maximum allowable distance for horizontal wiring | 100 meters
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| work area | an area that encompasses all patch cables and horizontal wiring necesary to connect workstations,printers and other network devices from their nics to the telecommunications closet
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| bend radius | the radius of the maximum arc into which you can loop a cable before you will impair data transmission
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| plenum | the area above the ceiling tile or below the subflooring
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| two methods for transmitting data | analog and digital
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| tia/eia specifications for backbone cabling | utp single mode multi mode fiber
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| many network problems can be traced to | poor cable installation
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| multiplexing | allows multiple signals to travel simultaneously over one medium
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| analog | signal wave
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| digital | pulse,on off
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| zip cord cable | short fiber optic cable in which two strands are arranged side by side in conjoined jackets,enabling full duplex communication
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| console | the serial interface on the back of the connectivity device
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| 100 meters | 90 meters to telecommunications closet 10 meters to workstation
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|
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