terms
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| standards | documented agreements containing technical specifications
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| OSI model | used to describe network communications from computer to computer
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| ANSI | prescribes the kind of NIC that the consumer needs to accept wireless connections
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| IEEE | prescribes how the network will ensure that different parts of a communication sent thru the atmosphere gets where it needs to be
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| standards | refers to the minimal acceptable performance
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| ieee | standards involve communication protocols
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| ansi | standards apply to the nic
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| ansi and iee | set wireless standards
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| eia and tia | focuses on standards for information technology,wireless,satellite,fiber optics and telephone equipment
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| iso | collection of standards organizations representing 162 countries
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| iso authority applies to | textiles,packaging,distribution of goods,
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| iso authority applies to | energy production,utilization,shipbuilding,banking and financial services
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| itu | pertain more to global communications issues than to industry technical specifications
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| isoc | helps to establish technical standards for the internet
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| iab | interested in overseeing the internets design and management
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| ietf | sets standards for how systems communicate over the internet,how protocols operate and interact
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| ip address | address used to identify computers on the internet
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| iana | group that kept records of available and reserved ip addresses.determined how addresses were doled out
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| rir | manages the distribution of ip addresses to private and public entities
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| icann | responsible for ip addressing and domain management
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| isp provider | business that provides organizations and individuals with access to the internet
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| an isp in turn arranges with its rir | for the right to use certain ip addresses on its network
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| regional internet registries | arin apnic ripe
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| the rir obtains the rights to dole out | addresses from icann
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| the rir coordinates with iana to ensure that | the addresses are associated with devices connected to the isp's network
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| osi | open systems interconnection model
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| physical | level one
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| data link | level two
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| network | level three
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| transport | level four
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| session | level five
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| presentation | level six
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| application | level seven
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| application layer | protocols interact with the software used,email
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| physical layer | services act on the networking cables and connectors to issue and receive signals
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| protocols | rules by which computers communicate
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| osi model | theoretical representation of what happens between two nodes communicating on a network
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| osi model | does not prescribe the type of hardware or software that should support each layer
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| application layer | protocol data units
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| application layer | seperates data into discrete amounts of data
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| application layer | facilites communication between software applications and lower layer network services
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| application layer | network interprets application request
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| application layer | application interprets data sent from the network
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| application layer protocol | http
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| application programming interface | set of routines that make up part of the software
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| presentation layer | translator
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| presentation layer | data and format it so that one type of application and host can understand data from another host
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| presentation layer | manage data encryption and decryption
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| session layer | coordinate and maintain communication between two nodes on the network
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| session | refers to the connection for ongoing data exchange between two parties
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| session layer | if connection is lost it will try to reconnect
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| session layer | ensures only authorized nodes can acces the session
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| presentation layer | secure sockets layer, gif,jpg,mpeg,quick time
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| transport layer | ensures data is delivered from point a to point b
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| transport layer | manages end to end delivery of data in correct sequence with no errors
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| transport layer | services needed in order to have data verified or interpreted by its recipient
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| transport layer | flow control
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| node | any device connected to the network
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| flow control | process of gauging the appropriate rate of transmission based on how fast the recipient can receive data
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| transport layer protocols | ensure data arrives exactly as it was sent
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| transport layer protocols | tcp
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| three way handshake | syn packet- syn-ack - ack
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| connection oriented | establish connection before transmit
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| syn packet | requests connection
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| syn ack | confirms it is willing to connect
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| ack | client responds data was delivered
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| three way handshake | connection established
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| a connection oriented protocol | expects a confirmation for every data unit a node sends
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| if no confirmation is received | client assumes data was not sent and resends
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| check sum | a character string that allows the receiving node to determine the data unit matches the source
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| connectionless protocols | used when need to transfer data quickly
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| connectionless protocols | no data verification process
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| connectionless protocols | used for live video or video transmission
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| connectionless protocols | unreliable,do not establish a connection before sending data
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| transport layer protocols | break down large units of data received from the session layer into smaller units called segments
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| transport layer protocols | perform a discovery routine upon establishing a connection in order to determine a networks mtu
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| transport layer | performs segmentation,reassembly and sequencing methods
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| transport functions | accept data from session
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| transport functions | manage end to end delivery
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| transport functions | handle flow control
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| sequencing | method of identifying segments that belong to the same group of subdivided data
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| network layer | translate network address into their physical counterparts and decided how to route data from sender to receiver
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| addressing | system for assigning unique identification numbers to devices on the network
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| network layer addresses | logical and virtual
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| hierarchial addressing scheme | contain subsets of data that incrementally narrows down the location of the node
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| network layer | the data unit becomes a packet
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| logical address | network address
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| network address | a unique identifying number for a network node that turns the data into a packet
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| virtual address | network address
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| routing | determing the best path
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| routers | devices that connect network segments and direct data
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| network layer protocol | internet protocol
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| accomplished the same task at the network layer that segmentation performs at the transport layer | fragmentation
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| fragmentation | subdivides the segments it receives from the transport layer into smaller packets
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| time to live | mechanism that limits the lifespan or lifetime of data in a computer or network.
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| IP | protocol that instructs the network where the http request is coming from and going
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| mtu | maximum transmission unit
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| mtu | largest data unit network will carry
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| differentiated services code point pg.51 | defines the way routers should queue packets while they are waiting to be forwarded
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| identification (data packet) pg.51 | 16-bit number which together with the source address uniquely identifies this packet - used during reassembly of fragmented datagrams)
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| flags pg.51 | (a sequence of three flags (one of the 4 bits is unused) used to control whether routers are allowed to fragment a packet (i.e. the Don't Fragment, DF, flag), and to indicate the parts of a packet to the receiver)
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| Fragmentation Offset pg.51 | a byte count from the start of the original sent packet, set by any router which performs IP router fragmentation
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| time to live pg.51 | Number of hops /links which the packet may be routed over, decremented by most routers - used to prevent accidental routing loops
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| Protocol in an ip packet pg.51 | Service Access Point (SAP) which indicates the type of transport packet being carried (e.g. 1 = ICMP; 2= IGMP; 6 = TCP; 17= UDP).
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| header checksum | (A 1's complement checksum inserted by the sender and updated whenever the packet header is modified by a router -
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| header checksum | Used to detect processing errors introduced into the packet inside a router or bridge where the packet is not protected by a link layer cyclic redundancy check. Packets with an invalid checksum are discarded by all nodes in an IP network)
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| physical address | mac address
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| types of address | physical network
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| quality of service | an example , some packets may require faster more reliable delivery
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| frame | structured package for moving data that includes not only the raw data,the senders and receivers network address,error checking and control info
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| data link layer | divide data they receive from the network layer into distinct frames that can be transmitted by the physical layer
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| address | tells the network where to deliver the frame
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| data link protocol | find out that information has been dropped and asks the first computer to retransmit the message
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| process of error checking | find out that information has been dropped and asks the first computer to retransmit the message
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| frame check sequence field | purpose is to ensure that the data at the destination exactly match the data issued from the source
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| cyclic redundancy check | takes the values of all the preceding fields in the frame and generates a unique 4 byte number the fcs
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| data link layer | controls the flow of this information allowing the nic to process data without error
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| logical link control sublayer | provides an interface to the network layer protocols,manages control flow control and issues requests for transmission for data that have suffered errrors
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| media access control sublayer | manages access to the physical medium
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| mac address data link layer address | hardware address
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| nics physical addres | mac address
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| two parts of a physical address | OUI block id
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| OUI and |
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