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networking Chpt 2
terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| standards | documented agreements containing technical specifications |
| OSI model | used to describe network communications from computer to computer |
| ANSI | prescribes the kind of NIC that the consumer needs to accept wireless connections |
| IEEE | prescribes how the network will ensure that different parts of a communication sent thru the atmosphere gets where it needs to be |
| standards | refers to the minimal acceptable performance |
| ieee | standards involve communication protocols |
| ansi | standards apply to the nic |
| ansi and iee | set wireless standards |
| eia and tia | focuses on standards for information technology,wireless,satellite,fiber optics and telephone equipment |
| iso | collection of standards organizations representing 162 countries |
| iso authority applies to | textiles,packaging,distribution of goods, |
| iso authority applies to | energy production,utilization,shipbuilding,banking and financial services |
| itu | pertain more to global communications issues than to industry technical specifications |
| isoc | helps to establish technical standards for the internet |
| iab | interested in overseeing the internets design and management |
| ietf | sets standards for how systems communicate over the internet,how protocols operate and interact |
| ip address | address used to identify computers on the internet |
| iana | group that kept records of available and reserved ip addresses.determined how addresses were doled out |
| rir | manages the distribution of ip addresses to private and public entities |
| icann | responsible for ip addressing and domain management |
| isp provider | business that provides organizations and individuals with access to the internet |
| an isp in turn arranges with its rir | for the right to use certain ip addresses on its network |
| regional internet registries | arin apnic ripe |
| the rir obtains the rights to dole out | addresses from icann |
| the rir coordinates with iana to ensure that | the addresses are associated with devices connected to the isp's network |
| osi | open systems interconnection model |
| physical | level one |
| data link | level two |
| network | level three |
| transport | level four |
| session | level five |
| presentation | level six |
| application | level seven |
| application layer | protocols interact with the software used,email |
| physical layer | services act on the networking cables and connectors to issue and receive signals |
| protocols | rules by which computers communicate |
| osi model | theoretical representation of what happens between two nodes communicating on a network |
| osi model | does not prescribe the type of hardware or software that should support each layer |
| application layer | protocol data units |
| application layer | seperates data into discrete amounts of data |
| application layer | facilites communication between software applications and lower layer network services |
| application layer | network interprets application request |
| application layer | application interprets data sent from the network |
| application layer protocol | http |
| application programming interface | set of routines that make up part of the software |
| presentation layer | translator |
| presentation layer | data and format it so that one type of application and host can understand data from another host |
| presentation layer | manage data encryption and decryption |
| session layer | coordinate and maintain communication between two nodes on the network |
| session | refers to the connection for ongoing data exchange between two parties |
| session layer | if connection is lost it will try to reconnect |
| session layer | ensures only authorized nodes can acces the session |
| presentation layer | secure sockets layer, gif,jpg,mpeg,quick time |
| transport layer | ensures data is delivered from point a to point b |
| transport layer | manages end to end delivery of data in correct sequence with no errors |
| transport layer | services needed in order to have data verified or interpreted by its recipient |
| transport layer | flow control |
| node | any device connected to the network |
| flow control | process of gauging the appropriate rate of transmission based on how fast the recipient can receive data |
| transport layer protocols | ensure data arrives exactly as it was sent |
| transport layer protocols | tcp |
| three way handshake | syn packet- syn-ack - ack |
| connection oriented | establish connection before transmit |
| syn packet | requests connection |
| syn ack | confirms it is willing to connect |
| ack | client responds data was delivered |
| three way handshake | connection established |
| a connection oriented protocol | expects a confirmation for every data unit a node sends |
| if no confirmation is received | client assumes data was not sent and resends |
| check sum | a character string that allows the receiving node to determine the data unit matches the source |
| connectionless protocols | used when need to transfer data quickly |
| connectionless protocols | no data verification process |
| connectionless protocols | used for live video or video transmission |
| connectionless protocols | unreliable,do not establish a connection before sending data |
| transport layer protocols | break down large units of data received from the session layer into smaller units called segments |
| transport layer protocols | perform a discovery routine upon establishing a connection in order to determine a networks mtu |
| transport layer | performs segmentation,reassembly and sequencing methods |
| transport functions | accept data from session |
| transport functions | manage end to end delivery |
| transport functions | handle flow control |
| sequencing | method of identifying segments that belong to the same group of subdivided data |
| network layer | translate network address into their physical counterparts and decided how to route data from sender to receiver |
| addressing | system for assigning unique identification numbers to devices on the network |
| network layer addresses | logical and virtual |
| hierarchial addressing scheme | contain subsets of data that incrementally narrows down the location of the node |
| network layer | the data unit becomes a packet |
| logical address | network address |
| network address | a unique identifying number for a network node that turns the data into a packet |
| virtual address | network address |
| routing | determing the best path |
| routers | devices that connect network segments and direct data |
| network layer protocol | internet protocol |
| accomplished the same task at the network layer that segmentation performs at the transport layer | fragmentation |
| fragmentation | subdivides the segments it receives from the transport layer into smaller packets |
| time to live | mechanism that limits the lifespan or lifetime of data in a computer or network. |
| IP | protocol that instructs the network where the http request is coming from and going |
| mtu | maximum transmission unit |
| mtu | largest data unit network will carry |
| differentiated services code point pg.51 | defines the way routers should queue packets while they are waiting to be forwarded |
| identification (data packet) pg.51 | 16-bit number which together with the source address uniquely identifies this packet - used during reassembly of fragmented datagrams) |
| flags pg.51 | (a sequence of three flags (one of the 4 bits is unused) used to control whether routers are allowed to fragment a packet (i.e. the Don't Fragment, DF, flag), and to indicate the parts of a packet to the receiver) |
| Fragmentation Offset pg.51 | a byte count from the start of the original sent packet, set by any router which performs IP router fragmentation |
| time to live pg.51 | Number of hops /links which the packet may be routed over, decremented by most routers - used to prevent accidental routing loops |
| Protocol in an ip packet pg.51 | Service Access Point (SAP) which indicates the type of transport packet being carried (e.g. 1 = ICMP; 2= IGMP; 6 = TCP; 17= UDP). |
| header checksum | (A 1's complement checksum inserted by the sender and updated whenever the packet header is modified by a router - |
| header checksum | Used to detect processing errors introduced into the packet inside a router or bridge where the packet is not protected by a link layer cyclic redundancy check. Packets with an invalid checksum are discarded by all nodes in an IP network) |
| physical address | mac address |
| types of address | physical network |
| quality of service | an example , some packets may require faster more reliable delivery |
| frame | structured package for moving data that includes not only the raw data,the senders and receivers network address,error checking and control info |
| data link layer | divide data they receive from the network layer into distinct frames that can be transmitted by the physical layer |
| address | tells the network where to deliver the frame |
| data link protocol | find out that information has been dropped and asks the first computer to retransmit the message |
| process of error checking | find out that information has been dropped and asks the first computer to retransmit the message |
| frame check sequence field | purpose is to ensure that the data at the destination exactly match the data issued from the source |
| cyclic redundancy check | takes the values of all the preceding fields in the frame and generates a unique 4 byte number the fcs |
| data link layer | controls the flow of this information allowing the nic to process data without error |
| logical link control sublayer | provides an interface to the network layer protocols,manages control flow control and issues requests for transmission for data that have suffered errrors |
| media access control sublayer | manages access to the physical medium |
| mac address data link layer address | hardware address |
| nics physical addres | mac address |
| two parts of a physical address | OUI block id |
| OUI and |
Created by:
cgeaski
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