Anatomy Ch. 3 TEST Review
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| The clear, structure-less gel within a cell | Cytosol
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| The Na-K pump is an example of this type of protein | Transmembrane protein
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| Most cellular membranes are made by this organelle | Endoplasmic reticulum
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| Cells specialized for adsorption of matter from the ECF are likely to show an abundance of these structures | Microvilli
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| Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except that carriers do not ___ their ligands | Chemically change
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| The function of cAMP in a cell is to activate __ | Kinases
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| Matter can leave a cell by means of a vesicle joining with the membrane and emptying it's contents into the ECF in a process known as | Exocytosis
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| Aquaporins are trans,membrane proteins that promote | Osmosis
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| The metabolic functional units of a cell are called | Organelles
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| Process of embibing extracellular fluid in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid | Pinotcytosis
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| (T/F) It is very unlikely for a cell to have more centrosomes than ribosomes | T
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| (T/F) Human cells swell or shrink in any solution other than an isotonic one | T
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| (T/F) The plasma membrane consists primarily of lipid molecules | T
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| (T/F) A cell's second messenger system serve mainly to transport solutes through the membrane | F
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| (T/F) If a cell were poisoned so it could not make ATP, osmosis through its membrane would be unaffected | T
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| (T/F) Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a more selective form of phago-/pinocytosis | T
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| (T/F) Filtration is the process by which a physical pressure forces fluid though a selectively permeable membrane | T
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| (T/F) When a hormone cannot enter a cell, it activates the formation of a second messenger inside the cell | T
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| (T/F) Chemically gated channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to electrical charge differences across a membrane | F
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| Force exerted on a membrane by water is called | Hydrostatic pressure
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| A concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink would be referred to as a __ solution | Hypertonic
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| Creation of a vesicle at the cell membrane which encloses materials from the ECF which the cell needs is called | Endocytosis
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| The ___ of animal cells is unique because it has it's own DNA and produces it's own ribosomes | Mitochondria
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| Liver cells can ___ harmful substances with two organelles, the smooth ER and peroxisomes | Detoxify
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| A protein channel in the plasma membrane that opens or closes when a chemical binds to it is called a(n) | Ligand-gated channel
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| The space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi complex and ER is called the | Cisternae
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| The side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm is the | Intracellular face
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| The ability of a microscope to reveal detail is referred to as it's | Resolution
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| The ___ is composed of carbohydrate complexes of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins | Glycocalyx
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| Process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against its concentration gradient | Reverse osmosis
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| Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine it's shape and organize it's contents among other things | Cytoskeleton
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| Carrier that performs cotransport | Symport
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| ATP is required in order for this type of transport to occur | Active transport
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| Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP using membrane pump | Primary active transport
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| Movement of material without the aid of ATP | Passive transport
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| Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration | Osmosis
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| Process of eliminating material from a cell by means of a vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing it's contents | Exocytosis
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| Transport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATP but depends on a concentration gradient produced by using ATP at an earlier point | Secondary active transport
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| Transport of two or more different solutes in opposite directions | Countertransport
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| Two or more solutes being transported in the same direction | Cotransport
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| Vesicular transport of particles into a cell | Endocytosis
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| Region inside the cell membrane | Cytoplasm
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| Difference in concentration between one point and another | Concentration gradient
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| The nuclear envelope is perforated with ___ which allow certain molecular traffic through the membrane | Nuclear pores
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| Inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called __ which project like shelves into the matrix | Cristae
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| Process by which lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients within the cell | Autophagy
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| Long, whiplike projection used primarily in movement | Flagella
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| Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a sensory role as well as function in locomotion | Cilia
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| Unpaired centrioles at the base of cilium or flagellum that act like an anchor | Basal body
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| Scientific study of cells born when Robert Hooke observed the empty cell walls of a cork and coined the term "Cell" | Cytology
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| Theory that living things arise from nothing; disproven | Spontaneous generation
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| The study of chemistry as it relates to biological molecules | Biochemistry
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| All organisms are composed of cells; cell is the simplest structural/functional unit of life; cells come from only preexisting cells; all cells have fundamental similarities | Cell theory
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| Thin, flat and scaly cells | Squamous
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| Squarish-looking | Cuboidal
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| Distinctly taller than they are wide | Columnar
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| Having irregularly angular shapes | Polygonal
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| Nerve cells are this cell shape | Stellate
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| Egg cells and white blood cells are this cell shape | Spherical
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| Red blood cells are this cell shape | Discoid
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| Long, slender, and threadlike cells | Fibrous
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| Spindle-shaped, elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends | Fusiform cells
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| Most useful measurement for designating cell sizes | Micrometer
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| As a cell doubles in diameter, its ___ increases eightfold but the membrane only increases fourfold | Volume
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| Invented in the mid-twentieth century and uses a beam of electrons in place of light enabling biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure | Transmission electron microscope
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| Produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution but can see only surface features | Scanning electron microscope
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| Made of proteins and lipids; surrounds the cellular material | Plasma membrane
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| All body fluids not contained in the cells are collectively called the __ | Extracellular fluid
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| Cytosol is also referred to as the ___ | Intracellular fluid
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| Most of the plasma membrane is composed of ___, specialized lipids | Phospholipids
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| Most of the weight of the plasma membrane is contributed by ___ | Proteins
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| Phospholipids are ___, having a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end, and arrange themselves into a lipid bilayer | Amphiphilic
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| Found near the membrane surfaces amid the phospholipids, constitute about 20% of the membrane lipids and stiffen the membrane | Cholesterol
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| Proteins which penetrate into the bilayer or all the way through it | Integral
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| Those proteins that pass completely through the plasma membrane are called ___ | Transmembrane proteins
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| Proteins that do not protrude into the bilayer but are typically anchored to a transmembrane protein on one surface of the cell | Peripheral
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| __ are specific for one particular chemical messenger, like an enzyme, and when they come in contact the protein signals a change within the cell | Receptor proteins
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| When a messenger binds to a surface receptor, it may trigger changes within the cell that produce a __ in the cytoplasm | Second-messenger
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| Carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules when their jobs are complete | Enzymes
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| Passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane | Channel proteins
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| __ open and close under different circumstances; do not remain open at all times | Protein gates
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| Transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane | Carriers
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| Carriers that require ATP in order to transport materials across the membrane are called ___ | Pumps
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| Glycoproteins that act like identification tags | Cell-identity markers
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| Proteins which allow cells to join to one another and extracellular material | Cell-adhesion molecules
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| Add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes; often aid in producing ATP | Kinases
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| "Fuzzy coat" of the animal cell composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins | Glycocalyx
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| Human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by ___ | Glycolipids
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| Very dense covering of microvilli are referred to as the ___ in accordance of the way they appear under a microscope | Brush border
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| Structural basis for ciliary movement is the ___, which consists of an array of thin protein cylinders running through the core of each cilia | Axoneme
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| Term which describes a membrane allowing some things through but preventing others entrance into/out of the cell | Selectively permeable
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| Process in which physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane | Filtration
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| Net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to low | Simple diffusion
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| Ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell | Tonicity
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| Solution has a lower concentration of solutes than does the cell; causing water to rush into the cell and burst | Hypotonic
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| As solute concentration rises, carriers rate of transport increases but only up to a point | Saturation
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| Carries only one type of solute | Uniport
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| Carrier protein that can move two or more solutes through a membrane at the same time in the same direction | Symport
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| Process of a carrier moving two or more solute through a membrane at the same time in the same direction | Cotransport
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| Carrier protein that can move two or more solutes through a membrane at the same time in the opposite direction | Antiport
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| Process of a carrier moving two or more solute through a membrane at the same time in the opposite direction | Countertransport
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| Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down it's concentration gradient without expenditure of ATP | Facilitated diffusion
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| Move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane using vesicles of the membrane | Vesicular transport
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| A vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane | Phagosome
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| Form the supportive cores of the microvilli and play a role in cell movement | Microfilaments
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| Give cell its shape, resist stress and participate in junctions that attach cells to their neighbors | Intermediate filaments
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| Cylinders made of protofilaments; radiate from an area of the cell called the centrosome and hold organelles in place | Microtubule
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| Largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope | Nucleus
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| Narrow but densely fibrous zone immediately inside the nuclear envelope | Nuclear lamina
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| Fine thread-like matter composed of DNA and protein | Chromatin
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| Dark-staining mass inside the nucleus where ribosomes are produced | Nucleolus
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| System of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a unit membrane | Endoplasmic reticulum
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| Cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively and lack ribosomes | Smooth ER
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| Cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered in ribosomes | Rough ER
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| Small granules of protein and RNA in charge of proteins synthesis | Ribosomes
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| Small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and package materials for transport | Golgi complex
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| Store a cell product, such as breast milk or digestive enzymes, for later release | Secretory vesicle
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| Package of enzymes bounded by a single membrane that hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates and other substances | Lysosomes
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| Contain different enzymes than lysosomes and are produced by the ER | Peroxisomes
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| Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP | Mitochondria
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| Space between the cristae of the mitochondria that contains ribosomes | Matrix
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| Energy is not MADE in the mitochondria, it's __ from organic compounds and transferred to ATP by enzymes located on the cristae | Extracted
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| Short cylindrical assembly which plays a role in cell division | Centriole
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| Accumulated cell products and foreign bodies within the cell | Inclusions
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| (T/F) Transcytosis is not a transport mechanism on it's own, but a combination of two types of transport | T
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| (T/F) Facilitated transport plays an important role in the blood capillaries where it's used to move need materials from the blood into the tissue and wastes from the tissues into the blood fluid to the kidneys | F
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| (T/F) Dynein, a motor protein, uses ATP to move microtubules within the cilia | T
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| (T/F) Cilia are used in the respiratory tract and digestive tract to move secretions across the surface of the tissue | T
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| (T/F) The only two cells in the human body which have a flagellum are the egg and sperm | F
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| (T/F) Secondary active transport requires ATP | T
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| (T/F) Secondary active transport does not require ATP to move the solute in question, but rather to set up an unbalanced concentration gradient ahead of time | T
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| (T/F) The smooth ER is in charge of manufacturing lipids | T
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| (T/F) The only reason that the rough ER can produce proteins is due to the ribosomes attached to it | T
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| (T/F) Phagocytosis is the process of moving extracellular fluid into the cell | F
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| (T/F) DNA within our nucleus is always present in the form of chromosomes | F
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| (T/F) Organelles that are not surrounded by membranes include ribosomes, centrosome, centrioles and mitochondria | F
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