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Cellular Funct.&Form

Anatomy Ch. 3 TEST Review

Question	Answer
The clear, structure-less gel within a cell	Cytosol
The Na-K pump is an example of this type of protein	Transmembrane protein
Most cellular membranes are made by this organelle	Endoplasmic reticulum
Cells specialized for adsorption of matter from the ECF are likely to show an abundance of these structures	Microvilli
Membrane carriers resemble enzymes except that carriers do not ___ their ligands	Chemically change
The function of cAMP in a cell is to activate __	Kinases
Matter can leave a cell by means of a vesicle joining with the membrane and emptying it's contents into the ECF in a process known as	Exocytosis
Aquaporins are trans,membrane proteins that promote	Osmosis
The metabolic functional units of a cell are called	Organelles
Process of embibing extracellular fluid in which the plasma membrane sinks in and pinches off small vesicles containing droplets of fluid	Pinotcytosis
(T/F) It is very unlikely for a cell to have more centrosomes than ribosomes	T
(T/F) Human cells swell or shrink in any solution other than an isotonic one	T
(T/F) The plasma membrane consists primarily of lipid molecules	T
(T/F) A cell's second messenger system serve mainly to transport solutes through the membrane	F
(T/F) If a cell were poisoned so it could not make ATP, osmosis through its membrane would be unaffected	T
(T/F) Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a more selective form of phago-/pinocytosis	T
(T/F) Filtration is the process by which a physical pressure forces fluid though a selectively permeable membrane	T
(T/F) When a hormone cannot enter a cell, it activates the formation of a second messenger inside the cell	T
(T/F) Chemically gated channels in the plasma membrane open or close in response to electrical charge differences across a membrane	F
Force exerted on a membrane by water is called	Hydrostatic pressure
A concentrated solution that causes a cell to shrink would be referred to as a __ solution	Hypertonic
Creation of a vesicle at the cell membrane which encloses materials from the ECF which the cell needs is called	Endocytosis
The ___ of animal cells is unique because it has it's own DNA and produces it's own ribosomes	Mitochondria
Liver cells can ___ harmful substances with two organelles, the smooth ER and peroxisomes	Detoxify
A protein channel in the plasma membrane that opens or closes when a chemical binds to it is called a(n)	Ligand-gated channel
The space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi complex and ER is called the	Cisternae
The side of the membrane that faces the cytoplasm is the	Intracellular face
The ability of a microscope to reveal detail is referred to as it's	Resolution
The ___ is composed of carbohydrate complexes of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins	Glycocalyx
Process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure and drive water through a membrane against its concentration gradient	Reverse osmosis
Network of protein filaments and cylinders that structurally support a cell, determine it's shape and organize it's contents among other things	Cytoskeleton
Carrier that performs cotransport	Symport
ATP is required in order for this type of transport to occur	Active transport
Direct transport of solute particles by an ATP using membrane pump	Primary active transport
Movement of material without the aid of ATP	Passive transport
Net flow of water through a membrane from high to low concentration	Osmosis
Process of eliminating material from a cell by means of a vesicle fusing with plasma membrane and releasing it's contents	Exocytosis
Transport of solute particles by a carrier that does not in itself use ATP but depends on a concentration gradient produced by using ATP at an earlier point	Secondary active transport
Transport of two or more different solutes in opposite directions	Countertransport
Two or more solutes being transported in the same direction	Cotransport
Vesicular transport of particles into a cell	Endocytosis
Region inside the cell membrane	Cytoplasm
Difference in concentration between one point and another	Concentration gradient
The nuclear envelope is perforated with ___ which allow certain molecular traffic through the membrane	Nuclear pores
Inner membrane of the mitochondria has folds called __ which project like shelves into the matrix	Cristae
Process by which lysosomes digest and dispose of surplus or non-vital organelles and other cell components in order to cycle nutrients within the cell	Autophagy
Long, whiplike projection used primarily in movement	Flagella
Hairlike projections along the cell surface which play a sensory role as well as function in locomotion	Cilia
Unpaired centrioles at the base of cilium or flagellum that act like an anchor	Basal body
Scientific study of cells born when Robert Hooke observed the empty cell walls of a cork and coined the term "Cell"	Cytology
Theory that living things arise from nothing; disproven	Spontaneous generation
The study of chemistry as it relates to biological molecules	Biochemistry
All organisms are composed of cells; cell is the simplest structural/functional unit of life; cells come from only preexisting cells; all cells have fundamental similarities	Cell theory
Thin, flat and scaly cells	Squamous
Squarish-looking	Cuboidal
Distinctly taller than they are wide	Columnar
Having irregularly angular shapes	Polygonal
Nerve cells are this cell shape	Stellate
Egg cells and white blood cells are this cell shape	Spherical
Red blood cells are this cell shape	Discoid
Long, slender, and threadlike cells	Fibrous
Spindle-shaped, elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends	Fusiform cells
Most useful measurement for designating cell sizes	Micrometer
As a cell doubles in diameter, its ___ increases eightfold but the membrane only increases fourfold	Volume
Invented in the mid-twentieth century and uses a beam of electrons in place of light enabling biologists to see a cell's ultrastructure	Transmission electron microscope
Produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution but can see only surface features	Scanning electron microscope
Made of proteins and lipids; surrounds the cellular material	Plasma membrane
All body fluids not contained in the cells are collectively called the __	Extracellular fluid
Cytosol is also referred to as the ___	Intracellular fluid
Most of the plasma membrane is composed of ___, specialized lipids	Phospholipids
Most of the weight of the plasma membrane is contributed by ___	Proteins
Phospholipids are ___, having a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end, and arrange themselves into a lipid bilayer	Amphiphilic
Found near the membrane surfaces amid the phospholipids, constitute about 20% of the membrane lipids and stiffen the membrane	Cholesterol
Proteins which penetrate into the bilayer or all the way through it	Integral
Those proteins that pass completely through the plasma membrane are called ___	Transmembrane proteins
Proteins that do not protrude into the bilayer but are typically anchored to a transmembrane protein on one surface of the cell	Peripheral
__ are specific for one particular chemical messenger, like an enzyme, and when they come in contact the protein signals a change within the cell	Receptor proteins
When a messenger binds to a surface receptor, it may trigger changes within the cell that produce a __ in the cytoplasm	Second-messenger
Carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules when their jobs are complete	Enzymes
Passages that allow water and hydrophilic solutes to move through the membrane	Channel proteins
__ open and close under different circumstances; do not remain open at all times	Protein gates
Transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane	Carriers
Carriers that require ATP in order to transport materials across the membrane are called ___	Pumps
Glycoproteins that act like identification tags	Cell-identity markers
Proteins which allow cells to join to one another and extracellular material	Cell-adhesion molecules
Add phosphate groups to other cellular enzymes; often aid in producing ATP	Kinases
"Fuzzy coat" of the animal cell composed of the carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins	Glycocalyx
Human blood types and transfusion compatibility are determined by ___	Glycolipids
Very dense covering of microvilli are referred to as the ___ in accordance of the way they appear under a microscope	Brush border
Structural basis for ciliary movement is the ___, which consists of an array of thin protein cylinders running through the core of each cilia	Axoneme
Term which describes a membrane allowing some things through but preventing others entrance into/out of the cell	Selectively permeable
Process in which physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane	Filtration
Net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to low	Simple diffusion
Ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell	Tonicity
Solution has a lower concentration of solutes than does the cell; causing water to rush into the cell and burst	Hypotonic
As solute concentration rises, carriers rate of transport increases but only up to a point	Saturation
Carries only one type of solute	Uniport
Carrier protein that can move two or more solutes through a membrane at the same time in the same direction	Symport
Process of a carrier moving two or more solute through a membrane at the same time in the same direction	Cotransport
Carrier protein that can move two or more solutes through a membrane at the same time in the opposite direction	Antiport
Process of a carrier moving two or more solute through a membrane at the same time in the opposite direction	Countertransport
Carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down it's concentration gradient without expenditure of ATP	Facilitated diffusion
Move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane using vesicles of the membrane	Vesicular transport
A vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane	Phagosome
Form the supportive cores of the microvilli and play a role in cell movement	Microfilaments
Give cell its shape, resist stress and participate in junctions that attach cells to their neighbors	Intermediate filaments
Cylinders made of protofilaments; radiate from an area of the cell called the centrosome and hold organelles in place	Microtubule
Largest organelle and usually the only one visible with the light microscope	Nucleus
Narrow but densely fibrous zone immediately inside the nuclear envelope	Nuclear lamina
Fine thread-like matter composed of DNA and protein	Chromatin
Dark-staining mass inside the nucleus where ribosomes are produced	Nucleolus
System of interconnected channels called cisternae enclosed by a unit membrane	Endoplasmic reticulum
Cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively and lack ribosomes	Smooth ER
Cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered in ribosomes	Rough ER
Small granules of protein and RNA in charge of proteins synthesis	Ribosomes
Small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and package materials for transport	Golgi complex
Store a cell product, such as breast milk or digestive enzymes, for later release	Secretory vesicle
Package of enzymes bounded by a single membrane that hydrolyze proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates and other substances	Lysosomes
Contain different enzymes than lysosomes and are produced by the ER	Peroxisomes
Organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP	Mitochondria
Space between the cristae of the mitochondria that contains ribosomes	Matrix
Energy is not MADE in the mitochondria, it's __ from organic compounds and transferred to ATP by enzymes located on the cristae	Extracted
Short cylindrical assembly which plays a role in cell division	Centriole
Accumulated cell products and foreign bodies within the cell	Inclusions
(T/F) Transcytosis is not a transport mechanism on it's own, but a combination of two types of transport	T
(T/F) Facilitated transport plays an important role in the blood capillaries where it's used to move need materials from the blood into the tissue and wastes from the tissues into the blood fluid to the kidneys	F
(T/F) Dynein, a motor protein, uses ATP to move microtubules within the cilia	T
(T/F) Cilia are used in the respiratory tract and digestive tract to move secretions across the surface of the tissue	T
(T/F) The only two cells in the human body which have a flagellum are the egg and sperm	F
(T/F) Secondary active transport requires ATP	T
(T/F) Secondary active transport does not require ATP to move the solute in question, but rather to set up an unbalanced concentration gradient ahead of time	T
(T/F) The smooth ER is in charge of manufacturing lipids	T
(T/F) The only reason that the rough ER can produce proteins is due to the ribosomes attached to it	T
(T/F) Phagocytosis is the process of moving extracellular fluid into the cell	F
(T/F) DNA within our nucleus is always present in the form of chromosomes	F
(T/F) Organelles that are not surrounded by membranes include ribosomes, centrosome, centrioles and mitochondria	F

Created by: SavannahElkins

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