| Question | Answer |
| What is the definition of "growth"? | maturational changes that are physically measurable, such as height and weight |
| What is the definition of "development"? | developmental and sequential changes in function of individual |
| What are the 9 principles of development? | 1. sequential, orderly; 2. environment; 3. individual pace; 4. cephalo-caudel; 5. proximal-distal; 6. general to specific; 7. increasingly integrated; 8. critical periods; 9. continuous, many factors influence |
| What is a critical period? | fixed time period very early in development during which certain behaviors optimally emerge (e.g.,walking or talking) |
| What are the 3 anatomical directions of development? | 1. cephalo-caudel, 2. proximal-distal, 3. ventral-dorsal |
| Gross motor, 1-3 months | * head control
* reflexes |
| Gross motor, 3-6 months | * rolls over
* pivots
* prone on elbows
prone on extended arms |
| Gross motor, 6-9 months | * sits
* bears weight on legs
* crawls
4-pt. creeps |
| Gross motor, 9-12 months | * pulls to stand
* transition in/out of positions
* cruises
* walks with one hand held
* stands alone |
| Fine motor, 1-3 months | * looks at hands
* follows objects with 180 deg.
* bats at objects |
| Fine motor, 3-6 months | * reaches
* brings hands together
* picks up objects
* object to mouth
* shakes rattle |
| Fine motor, 6-9 months | * transfers objects hand to hand
* explores objects with hands
* reaches from prone position
* forward parachute |
| Fine motor, 9-12 months | * releases objects into container
* pokes at objects
* pincer grip (thumb-finger) |
| Language, 1-3 months | * listens to sounds
* vocalizes randomly |
| Language, 3-6 months | * turns head to sound
* coos
* laughs
vowel sounds |
| Language, 6-9 months | * responds to own name
* babbles
* imitates sounds
vocalizes to get attention |
| Language, 9-12 months | * recognizes names of common objects
* first words spoken
enjoys listening to music
understands "no" |
| Cognitive, 1-3 months | * smiles
* brings hands to mouth |
| Cognitive, 3-6 months | * looks from 1 object to another
* repeats act that brings pleasure
* mouths objects
* shakes rattle
* tracks adult walking |
| Cognitive, 6-9 months | * looks for dropped object
* peek-a-boo
* pat-a-cake
* attention seeking
* uncovers face |
| Cognitive, 9-12 months | * finds hidden object (memory)
* imitates use of toy
* begins demonstrating cause/effect
* pulls string to secure ring |
| Social, 1-3 months | * social smile * quiets to face or voice * quiets when picked up |
| Social, 3-6 months | * recognizes familiar faces * smiles to mirror image |
| Social, 6-9 months | * stranger anxiety * reaches for familiar person * social games * prefers to be with people |
| Social, 9-12 months | * can play alone for short periods * separation anxiety * offers toy * performs for social attention |
| Self-help, 1-3 months | * comforts self with thumb/pacifier * coordinates suck, swallow breath |
| Self-help, 3-6 months | * pureed foods from spoon * integration of bite and rooting reflex * gums soft foods (e.g. cracker, Cheerios) |
| Self-help, 6-9 months | * reaches for bottle * finger feeds * holds bottle * drinks from cup with help |
| Self-help, 9-12 months | * attempts spoon feeding * drinks from cup with spilling * ceases drooling * bites and chews cracker |
