| Term | characteristics |
| What should one look out for in UMN lesion? | 1. Behaviour
2. Secondary Factors
3. Compensatory Factors |
| Hypertonia | the resistance is more than normal when passively
moved |
| Hypotonia | the resistance is lower than normal when passively moved |
| Flaccidity | No resistance when passively moved |
| Absence of tone | Flaccidity
(Tone) |
| Decreased muscle tone | Hypotonia
Tone) |
| No active movement | Flaccidity
(Active movements) |
| Active movements is poor and uncoordinated | Hypotonia
Active movements) |
| Absence of deep tendon reflex | Flaccidity
(Reflex) |
| Supressed cough reflex | Hypotonia
(Reflex) |
| If the limb is moved passively, it usually feels heavy | Flaccidity
(limb) |
| The limb appears flaccid and soft upon touching
Lie uncomfortable and abnormal position. | Flaccidity
(limb) |
| Uses limb for
-support
-increase balance | Hypotonia
(limb) |
| The pt unable hold limb in requested, placed position. against gravity. | Flaccidity
(posture and position) |
| Difficult to move against gravity and maintain posture against gravity | Hypotonia
(posture and position) |
| Subluxation and dislocation of joints | Flaccidity
(joints) |
| Hypermobility of joints | Hypotonia
(joints) |
| 1. Intellectual development problems
2. Problems with eating, drinking, breathing
3.Breathing is shallow
4. Muscle weakness
5. Emotionally Blunt | Hypotonia |
| 1. Medical file
2. Age
3. Immediate condition of pt
4. Observation
5. Passive movement
6. Active Movement
7. Reflex activity | Assessment of Flaccidity and Hypotonia |
| 1. Medical file
2. Age
3. Immediate condition of pt
4. Observation
5. Passive movement
6. Active Movement
7. .Specific structured activity
8. Tonic Reflex activity | Assessment of Hypertonia |
| 1. establish diagnosis
2. Determine has/course of illness
3. When was the injury sustained
4. Prognosis | 1. Medical file |
| 1. dependent adult, child or elderly. | 2. Age |
| 1. Determine if can bring to the department (attached to monitors etc)
2. Consult doctors and nursing staff w.r.t mobility pt | 3. Immediate condition of pt |
| 1. Spontaneous movements
2. participation in activities | 4. Observation |
| Principles:
1. Full ROM
2. Proximal-distal
3. Support limbs- no over stretching muscles, dislocation joints.
4.Ask for help from nurse when needed | 5. Passive movement
(principles) |
| gross movements> fine coordinated movements | 6. Active Movement |
| 7. Reflex activity |
| Position
1. Supine- anatomical mid position. (NO pillow!0
2. side-lying
3. Prone | 5. Passive movement
(Position) |
| 1. note fixated contractors
2. DON'T move past pain threshold
Limb painful- misuse and immobilisation.
3. Position correctly (therapist)- pt can fall because of undeveloped protective extension reflexes. | Hypertonic Precautions |
