Question | Answer |
pan | consists of personal devices at close range such as a cell phone |
lan | covers a small area such as a home or office |
wlan | covers a limited geographical area and is popular in places where networking cableare difficult to install such as outdoors |
man | covers a large campus or city |
wan | covers a large geographical area and is made up of many smaller networks |
bandwidth | the theoretical number of bits that can be transmitted over a network at one time,similiar to the number of lanes on a highway |
internet service providers | earthlink comcast |
ieee | creates standards for computer and electronic industries |
tcp/ip | a group of protocols that control many different aspects of communication |
isdn | an outdated broadband technology developed in the 1980s that uses regular phone lines and is accessed by a dialup connection |
computer | when two or more computers communiate with each other |
data throughput | actual speed of a network |
latency | delay in network transmissions |
broadband | networking technology that carries more then one signal such as dsl or telephone |
packet | data segment |
header | info at the beginning of the packet |
trailer | info at the end of the packet |
cable modem | converts pc digital signal to analog when sending them and converts incoming analog data to digital |
dsl | group of broadband technologies that covers a wide range of speeds |
dsl | uses ordinary copper phone lines and a range of frequencies on that copper wire that re not used by voice |
adsl | uses one upload speed from the consumer to an isp and a faster download speed |
sdsl | uses equal bandwiths in both directions |
disadvantage of using satellite for an internet connection | delays in transmission |
wireless networks | uses radio waves or infrared light instead of cables or wires to connect computers or ther devices |
802.11 | most popular technology for for wireless local networks |
802.11g | freguency range 2.4 ghz distance 100 meters |
802.11b | freguency range 2.4 ghz distance 100 meters |
mimo | two or more atennas are used at both ends of transmission |
802.11n | compatible with 802.11b/g |
802.11n | can use the 5ghz range |
802.11a | works in the 5ghz range 50 meters |
802.11k | help manage connections between wireless devices and access points |
802.11k | defines how wireless network traffic can better be distributed over multiple access points covering a wide area so that the strongest signal is not overloaded |
802.11r | defines how a mobile wireless device can easily and quickly transition as it moves out of range from one access point snd into the range of another |
802.11d | designed to run in countries outside the united states |
three main protocols for encryption for 802.11 networks | wep wpa wpa2 |
ssid | name of the wireless access point |
mac address | six byte number that uniquely identifies a network adapter on a computer |
802.16d | wimax |
802.16e | supports up to 75 Mbps range of several miles uses 2 to 11 ghz frequency |
base station | fixed transceiver and antenna |
wpa2 | 802.11i standard |
aes | advanced encryption standard |
tkip encryption | temporal key integrity protocol |
bluetooth | range of 10 meters 2.4 ghz range transfer data up to 3 mbps |
gsm | uses att open standard that uses digital communication of data and accepted worldwide |
cdma | used by cell phone providers in the us only |
tdma | older outdated technology |
full duplex | simultaneous send and receive at the same time |
half duplex | only send or receive |
point to point | send data packets over phone lines line protocol |
dial up networking | plain old telephone service |
modem standard | v92 |
cellular internet card | air card |
air card | works like a cell phone to connect to a cellular wan to give you computer access |
mobile satellite broadband | requires portable satellie dish |
100BaseT | an ethernet standard that operates at 100 Mbps and uses twisted pair cabling up to 100 meters-328 feet also called fast ethernet |
10Base2 | an outdated ethernet standard that operates at 10mbps and uses small coaxial cable up to 500 meters long.also called thinnet |
10Base5 | an outdated ethnernet standard that operates at 10Mbps and uses thick coaxial cable up to 500 meters long also called thicknet |
10BaseT | an ethernet standard that operates at 10mbps and uses twisted pair cables up to 100 meters or 328 feet |
coaxial cable | single copper wire down the middle and a braided shield around it |
fiber optic | transmits signals as pulses of light over glass strands inside protected tubing |
fiber optic cable | single mode and multimode |
ethernet cabling | unshielded and shielded twisted pair |
ethernet types | 10mbps 100mbps 1000Mbps 10Gbps |
fiber optic cables | straight tip standard connector local connector mechanical transfer rj |
1000Mbps | gigabit ethernet |
100BaseT | 100BaseTX and 100BaseFX |
100BaseFX | uses fiber optic cable |
100Mbps | fast Ethernet |
twisted pair cable | most popular cabling for local networks |
fiber optic | transmits signals as pulses of light over glass strands inside protective tubing |
coaxial | single copper wire down the middle and a braided shield around it |
10Base2 | 185meters or 607 feet |
10Base5 | 500 meters or 607 feet |
10BaseT | 100 meters or 328 feet |
hub | pass thru device tp connect nodes on a network |
bus toplogy | nodes are all strung together in a daisy chain with terminators at each end |
star topology | nodes are connected to a centralized hub or switch |
switch | keeps a table of all devices connected to it |
switch | uses a table to decide which path to use when sending packets |
hub | no egard for data |
network cables | patch cable or crossover table |
patch cable | straight thru cable |
patch cable | connects computer to hub or switch |
hub | data overload because everyone gets the request or the data |
ethernet hub | transmits the data packet to every device except the device that sent the transmission |
crossover cable | used to connect two like devices such as a switch to a switch or a pc to a pc |
hub | sends data to everyone |
switch | sends data to specific people |
patch cable | connect two different devices |
crossover cable | connect two like devices |
ad hoc mode | wireless devices commnicate directly pc to pc |
router | device that manages traffic between two networks |
router | gateway to the Internet |
crossover | transmit and receiv lines are reversed |
router | a device that connects one device to another |
dhcp | dynamic host configuration protocol |
dhcp server | gives ip addresses to computers on the network when they attempt to initiate a connection to the network and request an ip address |
access points | provide coverage |
wireless access points | allow wireless device connection to a lan |
firewall | blocks unwanted traffic initiated from the internet |
router | connection between two networks |
nat | network address translation |
nat | protocol that substitutes the ip address of the router for the ip address of other computers inside the network when these computers need to communicate on the internet |
dynamic ip addressing | an assigned ip address used for the current session only,when the session is terminated , the ip address returns to a list of available addresses |
dhcp server | provides ip addresses out to network computers |
router functions | router switch dhcp server wireless access point firewall with or without nat redirection |
port 20 | ftp |
port 22 | ssh |
port 23 | telne |
port 25 | smtp |
port 53 | dns |
port 80 | http |
port 110 | pop3 |
port 143 | imap |
port 443 | https |
port 3389 | rdp |
client server applications | two computers and two applications are involved |
server | any computer or application that brings up data when that data is requested |
wireless access point | a computer can connect to the network using a wireless device |
three levels where communication happens between a client and server application | hardware application operating system |
protocols | predetermines rules for communicqtion |
hardware level | root level of communication |
ip address | a thirty two bit string used to identify a computer on the network |
the largest possible bit number | two hundred and fifty five |
two kinds of network addressing | static dynamic |
static addressing | a unique IP address that never changes |
dynamic addressing | each time the computer connects to the network it gets a new ip address from the dhcp server which is called leasing the address |
ip address | used to identify a computer both inside and outside its local network |
operating system | responsible for managing communication between itself and another computer using rules for communication that both operating systems understand |
application level | when you use the internet to surf the web or download your email you need to use an |
client | requests information |
server | has information requested |
hardware level | includes the mac address |
port number | uniquely identifies an application on your computer |
mac address | local address |
ip address | long distance address |
socket | endpoint of an inter-process communication flow across a computer network |
application level | client communicationg with another application |
socket | ip address followed by a colon and a port number |
pop3 | post office protocol version 3 used by a client to receive mail |
dns | domain name service used to find an ip address when a coomputers character based name is unknown |
imap | stays on the server you can check your email from phone or internet and the email is always there |
pop3 | deleted off the server as it is being sent to me it is the only copy |
telnet | has no encryption |
https | has encryption |
ip address | 32 bits long made up of 4 bytes each 8 bits long |
intranet | private network that uses he tcp/ip protocols |
octet | eight bits |
class A | 127 possibilities |
class B | 16,000 possibilities |
class C | 2 million possibilities |
first part of an IP address | identifies the network |
last part of an IP address | identifies the host |
IPv4 | 32 bits |
IPv6 | 128 bits |
when data is routed over interconnected networks | the network portion of the ip address is used to locate the right network |
after the data arrives at the local network | the host portion of the ip address is used to identify the one computer on the network that is to receive the data |
ICANN | responsible for keeping track of assigned ip addresses and domain names |
class D | multicasting |
class d | octets 224 thru 239 |
class e | research |
class e | |
subnet mask | tells the os which part of an ip address is the network portion and which part is the host |
subnet mask | a computer or other device can know if an ip address of another computer is on its network or another network |
classful subnet masks | contain all ones or all zeros |
classless subnet mask | contains a mix of ones and zeros |
public ip addresses | ip addresses available on the internet |
private ip addresses | ip addresses not available on the internet |
cidr | classless interdomain routing |
nat redirection | the device substitutes its own public ip address for the private ip address of a computer behind the firewall |
apipa | automatic private ip adress |
dynamic ip address | assigned for current connection only |
dhcp server | manages dynamically assigned ip adresses on a network |
dhcp clients | workstations that work with dhcp servers |
apipa | automatic private ip address |
apipa | an ip address used by a computer when it cannot successfully lease an ip address from a dhcp server |
host name | computer name |
host name | name of a computer and can be used in place of its ip address |
netbios | network basic input output system |
netbios name | can be up to 15 characters |
netbeui | windows networking protocol |
domain name | identifies a network |
fully qualified domain name | identifies a computer and the network to which it belongs |
name resolution | the process of associating a character based name with an ip address |
apipa address that means there is a network problem somewhere | 169.254.x.y. |
apipa address | can still have a peer to peer network |
domain name system | domain name service |
domain name system | the protocol and service used to track these character based names with ip addresses |
chracter based names | substitute for ip addresses |
netbios name | a fifteen character name used on legacy system |
dns server | finds ip address when fdqn known |
hosts file | contains computer names and their associated ip addresses on the local network |
http | protocol used for the www and is used by web browsers and servers to communicate |
wins | windows internet naming service |
wins | used to track netbios names |
https | protocol used by web browsers and servers to encrypt the data before it is sent and then decrypt it before the data is processed |
ftp | transfers files between two computers |
api | application programming interface |
api | the way applications ask the operating system to do something |
smtp | used to send an email to a recipients mail server |
smtp auth | protocol is used to authenticate a user to an email server when the email client first tries to connect to the email server to send email |
pop3 or imap4 | used to download email to the client |
ping | packet internet groper |
ping | tests connectivity by sending an echo request to a computer |
ipconfig | can display tcp ip configuration and refresh the ip address |
telnet | a user connects to a remote computer and controls it through the command prompt window |
tcp and udp | control communication on the network |
imap | leaves a copy on the server |
pop3 | look at it and it is gone |
tcp | guarantees packet delivery |
udp | no guarantee of delivery |
tcp | connection oriented protocol |
udp | connectionless protocol |
tcp | makes a connection checks whether the data was received and if not it resends |
udp | best effort protocol primarily used for broadcasting |
udp | does not check if the connection checks whether the data was received and if not it resends |
arp | address resolution protocol |
arp | locating a host on a local network |
rarp | discovering internet address on a local network |
telnet | allows user connection to a remote computer |
ping -a | tests for name resolution |
ping -t | pings until it is interrupted |
ping 127.0.0.1 | loopback address |
ping -l | changes the size of the data packet sent with the ping |
ipconfig /all | displays tcp ip information |
ipconfig /release | release the ip address |
ipconfig /renew | lease a new address from a dhcp server |
ipconfig /displaydns | displays info about name resolutions that windows currently hold in the dns resolver cache |
vpn | secures private data traveling over a public network |
vpn tunneling protocols | pptp L2tp ssl ipsec |
point to point protocol | weakest protocol |
strongest tunneling protocol | layer two tunneling protocol over ipsec |
subnet mask | group of four dotted decimal numbers that tells tcp ip if a computers ip address is on the same network |
gateway | device that allows a computer on one network to communicate with another network |
default gateway | is the gateway a computer uses to access another network if it does not have a better option |