| Question | Answer |
| excommunicate | cast out from the church |
| Pope Gregory | -disapproved of a bishop chosen by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
-in 1073 Pope Gregory came to power in Rome.
-had proven himself more powerful than the emperor |
| Emperor Henry IV | -Angry that the pope questioned his authority
-he got excommunicated
-Desperate to stay in power, he stood barefoot in the snow outside the castle where Pope Gregory was staying. |
| Crusades | a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims in Southwest Asia. |
| Holy Land | the region where Jesus had lived, preached, and died. |
| Pope Urban II | -he went to Roman Catholic Churches
-he helped the Byzantine Empire from getting destroyed
-helped the battle |
| King Richard | -1157-1199
- Called Lion Heart for his courage
- skilled soldier and great general |
| Saladin | -1137-1193
- often called one of the greatest generals of the Middle Ages.
- The Muslim leader successfully held Jerusalem against Richard in the Third Crusade.
-was considered a wise leader. |
| clergy | church officials |
| religious order | a group of people who dedicate their lives to religion and follow common rules. |
| Francis of Assisi | -1182-1226
-son of a wealthy merchant
-lived a simple life and just preached and tended people and humans |
| friars | people who belonged to religious orders but lived and worked among the general public. |
| Thomas Aquinas | -Dominican philosopher
- teacher at University of Paris
- argued that rational thought could be used to support Christian beliefs. |
| natural law | a law that governed how the world operated. |
| Magna Carta | a document listing rights that the king could not ignore |
| Parliament | the lawmaking boday that governs England today. |
| Hundred Years' War | a long conflict between England and France that came to be called its name |
| Joan of Arc | - a teenage pheasant girl
- rallied the French troops
- Although the English eventually captured and killed Joan, it was too late. |
| Black Death | a deadly plague that swept through Europe betwwen 1347 and 1351 |
| heresy | religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachings |
| Reconquista | efforts to retake Spain from the Moors |
| King Ferdinand | - had an army
- 1492 conquered Franada
-made people convert to Christianity. |
| Queen Isabella | - 1451-1504
- considered greatest monarchs in Spanish history.
-encouraged religion and education and supported many artists |
| Spanish Inquisition | an organization of priests that looked for and punished anyone in Spain suspected of secretly practicing their old religion. |
