| Question | Answer |
| what does excess product do | inhibits the pathway |
| what does excess reactant do | stimulates the pathway |
| if there is scarce product | this stimulates the pathway |
| if there is scarce reactants | this inhibits the pathway |
| are enzymes inhibited or stimulated | both |
| how are pathways regulated | 1)energy charge
2)respiratory quotient
3)products and reactants |
| what 3 systems create ATP | 1)ATP-PC system
2)glycolysis
3)aerobic system |
| what are details about the ATP-PC system | 1)coupled reaction
2)fast replacement of ATP
3)short duration (5-10 secs)
4)predominate in short explosive activity |
| ADP + creatine phosphate = | ATP + creatine |
| what is the key enzyme of the ATP-PC system | creatine kinase |
| what products inhibit the ATP-PC system | ATP
creatine |
| what reactants stimulate the ATP-PC system | 1)ADP
2)AMP
3)creatine phosphate |
| what type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of creatine kinase | fast twitch |
| where is the ATP-PC system located | cytosol-mitochondria |
| what is the product of the ATP-PC system | ATP |
| what are the reactants of the ATP-PC system | 1)ADP
2)AMP
3)creatine phosphate |
| what is the key enzyme for the ATP-PC system | creatine kinase |
| what does glycolysis mean | carbohydrate breakdown |
| is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic | anaerobic |
| what are the 2 types of glycolysis | 1)fast glycolysis
2)slow glycolysis |
| what is the main product of glycolysis | ATP |
| what are additional products of glycolysis | 1)pyruvate
2)lactic acid
3)alanine
4)NADH |
| what is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis | phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
| what is glycolysis stimulated by | 1)increase in ADP
2)increase in AMP
3)increase in inorganic phosphate
4)increase in ammonia |
| what is glycolysis inhibited by | 1)increase in ATP
2)increase in creatine phosphate
3)decrease in pH |
| what type of muscle fiber would contain higher concentrations of PFK | fast twitch |
| where is glycolysis located | cytosol |
| what are the products of glycolysis | 1)ATP
2)NADH
3)pyruvate
4)lactic acid
5)alanine |
| what are the reactants of glycolysis | 1)glucose
2)ADP
3)AMP
4)Pi |
| what is the key enzyme for glycolysis | PFK (phosphofructokinase) |
| what are the 2 components involved with the aerobic system | 1)krebs cycle
2)electron transport system |
| what is oxidized in the aerobic system | 1)fats
2)carbohydrates
3)proteins |
| what is oxidation | addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen |
| what is reduction | deletion of oxygen, addition of hydrogen |
| what is chemiosmotic theory | when protons flow through a special protein, ATP is created |
| what system has the greatest production of ATP | aerobic system |
| what is the location of the aerobic system | mitochondria |
| what are the products of the aerobic system | 1)ATP
2)NADH
3)FADH2 |
| what are the reactants of the aerobic system | 1)fat, carbohydrates, proteins
2)ADP
3)AMP
4)Pi
5)acetyle
6)citrate
7)NAD
8)FAD |
| what is the key enzyme of the aerobic system | dehydrogenases |
| what is the intensity and time for the ATP-PC system | very high, 0-5 secs |
| what is the intensity and time for glycolysis | high, 30 secs to 2 min. |
| what is the intensity and time for the aerobic system | low, more than 3 min. |
| what is the order from fastest to slowest for pathways | 1)ATP-PC
2)fast glycolysis
3)slow glycolysis
4)aerobic metabolism carbohydrate
5)aerobic metabolism fat |
| what is the order from most to least for how much ATP is made | 1)aerobic metabolism fat
2)aerobic metabolism carbohydrate
3)slow glycolysis
4)fast glycolysis
5)ATP-PC |
| based on the ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen utilized you can determine what | what fuel type is being oxidized (carbohydrate or fat) |
| if you measure a RQ that equals 1.0 it means what reaction is occurring | carbohydrate burning |
| if you measure a RQ that equals 0.71 it means what reaction is occurring | fat burning |
| during exercise, more carbohydrate and fat are burned aerobically. the percentage of fat being burned is decreasing. does this mean that less fat is being burned | no, greater fat and carbohydrate burning just a lower percentage of fat |
| fat is burned where | mitochondria |
| where is the peak fat burning | at 50-60% of maximal aerobic capacity |
| increasing RQ means what | more carbohydrate and fat are being burned |
| what are macronutrients | 1)carbohydrates
2)fats
3)proteins |
| what does exothermic mean | energy releasing (delta G is negative) |
| what does endothermic mean | energy requiring (delta G is positive) |
| delta G must be _______ for the reaction to occur | negative |
| what pathways are energy releasing | 1)glycolysis
2)krebs cycle
3)beta oxidation
4)glycogen degradation |
| what pathways are energy requiring | 1)gluconeogenesis
2)fatty acid synthesis
3)glycogen synthesis |
| what is energy utilized for | 1)creating ion gradients
2)producing mechanical motion
3)synthesis of molecules
4)production of heat |
| what are the 2 molecules that give off more energy than ATP | 1)phosphoenolpyruvate
2)creatine phosphate |
| what does a high energy charge tell the cell to do | 1)build fat
2)build glycogen
3)build glucose |
| what does a low energy charge tell the cell to create ATP | 1)run phosphocreatine system
2)run glycolysis
3)run the aerobic system |
| what is the universal carrier of acyl groups | coenzyme A |
| what are common reactions | 1)phosphorylation
2)isomerization(mutation)
3)redox reaction (oxidaton/reduction reactions) |
| what does phosphorylation do | transfer a phosphate group from one molecule to another |
| what is the enzyme type for phosphorylation | kinase i.e. creatine kinase, hexokinase |
| what does isomerization do | compounds of the same molecular formula but with different arrangement of the atoms |
| what does a mutation reaction do | shifting of a group from one location to another within the same molecule |
| what is the enzyme name for a oxidation/reduction reaction | oxidoreductase |
| what is the class name for oxidation/reduction reactions | dehydrogenase |
| what is the purpose of glycolysis | breaks down glucose |
| what are the products of glycolysis | 1)ATP
2)NADH
3)pyruvate
4)lactate and alanine |
| in general what does the 1st half of glycolysis "do" | 1)bring glucose into the cell
2)change it into an "energy rich sugar" |
| in general what does the 2nd half of glycolysis "do" | 1)get ATP
2)create an end product that can be further oxidized |
| what is the location of glycolysis | cytosol |
| in the first step of glycolysis what happens | glucose ----> glucose 6-phosphate |
| what is the key enzyme in the first step of glycolysis | hexokinase |
| what type of reaction occurs in the first step of glycolysis | phosphorylation |
| what type of reaction occurs in the second step of glycolysis | isomerization |
| what happens in the 2nd step of glycolysis | aldehyde---->ketone |
| what is the key enzyme in the 2nd step of glycolysis | phosphoglucose isomerase |
| what type of reaction is the 3rd step of glycolysis | phosphorylation |
| what happens in the 3rd step of glycolysis | fructose 6-phosphate---->fructose 1,6-bisphosphate |
| what is the key enzyme of the 3rd step of glycolysis | phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
| what happens in the 4th step of glycolysis | fructose 1,6-bisphosphate ---> dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 4th step of glycolysis | aldolase |
| what type of reaction is the 5th step of glycolysis | isomerization |
| what happens in the 5th step of glycolysis | dihydroxyacetone phosphate ----> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 5th step of glycolysis | triose phosphate isomerase |
| what kind of reaction is in the 6th step of glycolysis | oxidative phosphorylation |
| what happens in the 6th step of glycolysis | glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ----> 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 6th step of glycolysis | G3P dehydrogenase |
| what happens in the 7th step of glycolysis | 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate -----> 3-phosphoglycerate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 7th step of glycolysis | phosphoglycerate kinase |
| what type of reaction is in the 8th step of glycolysis | mutation |
| what happens in the 8th step of glycolysis | 3-phosphoglycerate ----> 2-phosphoglycerate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 8th step of glycolysis | phosphoglycerate mutase |
| what type of reaction is the 9th step of glycolysis | dehydration |
| what happens in the 9th step of glycolysis | 2-phosphoglycerate ----> phosphoenolpyruvate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 9th step of glycolysis | enolase |
| what happens in the 10th step of glycolysis | phosphoenolpyruvate -----> pyruvate |
| what is the key enzyme in the 10th step of glycolysis | pyruvate kinase |
| what are the entry points in the fructose 1-phosphate pathway | 1)dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2)glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
| what is the entry point in the galactose pathway | glucose 6-phosphate |
| what are the 3 key enzymes | 1)phosphofructokinase
2)hexokinase
3)pyruvate kinase |
| when ATP binds to the enzyme what happens to PFK | it decreases its activity |
| with a decreased pH what happens | inhibits PFK |
| what does citrate do to PFK | inhibits PFK |
| inhibition of PFK does what to hexokinase | inhibits hexokinase |
| what contains glucokinase | liver and beta cells of pancreas |
| what are the outcomes of glucose 6 phosphate | 1)burned in glycolysis
2)utilized to form glycogen
3)oxidized in the PPP to make NADPH |
| glucokinase in the liver has a ______ Km, is it inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate, what is it stimulated by | high Km, not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate, stimulated by insulin |
| hexokinase in muscle has a _____ Km, what is it inhibited by | low Km, inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate |
| what is pyruavate kinase stimulated by | fructose 1,6 BP |
| what does alanine inhibit | pyruvate kinase |
| what reactants drive pyruvate kinase control | fructose 1,6 bisphosphate |
| what products slow down pyruvate kinase control | ATP or alanine |
| if there is no glucose is there glycolysis | no glycolysis |
| if there is glucagon present is there glycolysis | no glycolysis |
| pyruvate + NADH ----> | lactate + NAD+ |
| with lots of exercise there is lots of pyruvate which | makes lots of lactate which lowers pH which inhibits PFK |
| little bit of lactate does what | stimulates glycolysis because of NAD+ |
| what is the enzyme in lactic acid production | lactate dehydrogenase |
| what does lactic acid do | inhibits PFK |
| what is NAD+ | a reactant for glycolysis |
| are there 3 carbon molecules in the krebb's cycle | no |
| citric acid cycle is known as | krebs cycle
TCA |
| what is the purpose of the citric acid cycle | 1)make ATP
2)make reduced compounds
3)precursor molecules |
| the citric acid cycle has oxidation of energy for what substrates | fat, carbs, protein |
| what is the enzyme for the preparation step in between glycolysis and krebs cylce | pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
| where is the preparation step for krebs cycle | inside the matrix of the mitochondria |
| acetyl CoA ---> citrate what is the enzyme | citrate synthase |
| citrate ---> isocitrate what is the enzyme | aconitase |
| isocitrate ---> alpha-ketoglutarate what is the enzyme | isocitrate dehydrogenase |
| what are the reactants in isocitrate ---> alpha-ketoglutarate | NAD+ |
| what are the products in isocitrate ---> alpha-ketoglutarate | CO2 & NADH |
| alpha-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl CoA what is the enzyme | alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase |
| what are the reactants in alpha-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl CoA | NAD+ |
| what are the products in alpha-ketoglutarate ---> succinyl CoA | CO2 & NADH |
| succinyl CoA ---> succinate what is the enzyme | succinyl CoA synthetase |
| succinate ---> fumarate what is the enzyme | succinate dehydrogenase |
| what are the reactants in succinate ---> fumarate | FAD |
| what are the products in succinate ---> fumarate | FADH2 |
| fumarate ---> malate what is the enzyme | fumarase |
| what also happens in the fumarate ---> malate reaction | hydorlysis |
| malate ---> oxaloacetate what is the enzyme | malate dehydrogenase |
| what are the reactants in malate ---> oxaloacetate | NAD+ |
| what are the products in malate ---> oxaloacetate | NADH |
