Question | Answer |
The study of fungi is known as | mycology |
The plural of fungus is | Fungi |
an infection or disease of fungal etiology is known as | mycosis |
What is the plural of mycosis | mycoses |
The ingestion of toxic fungus is known as | mycetismus |
Intoxication due to a fungal toxin is called | mycotoxicosis |
A person with a hypersensitivity to fungal antigens has | Fungal allergies |
Where would you find toxic moulds | in housing |
If there is a mould problem within a house, what other problem could you expect | water problem |
Who is the founder of medical mycology | David Gruby |
When was it demonstrated that favus was caused by fungus | 1841 |
What is the scientific name of favus | dermatophyte mould |
When was oldium albicans discovered to cause thrush in infants | 1842 |
What type of cells make up fungi? | eukaryotic |
What does saprophytic mean | organism that feeds on dead organic matter |
What is the oxygen requirement of fungi? | aerobic or facultative |
What is the rigid cell wall of fungi made of | chitin |
What is chitin | the rigid cell wall of fungi |
What is the optimum temperature that fungi grow at? | 15-30 C |
What is the optimum pH range that fungi grow at? | 6-7 |
What is the optimum humidity that fungi grow in | 95-100% |
How do fungi reproduce | sporulation |
What is the function of the spore | dissemination |
What does dissemination mean | dispersal |
What are the two somatic forms of fungi? | Yeast and Mould |
Yeast is (unicellular or multicellular) | unicellular |
Mould is (unicellular or multicellular) | multicellular |
Mould is (filamentous or non filamentous) | filamentous |
tubular filaments are known as | hypha |
what is the plural of hypha | hyphae |
Hypha with crosswalls is known as | septate |
hypha with no cross wall is known as | aseptate |
hypha that are colorless are known as | hyaline |
hypha that are pigmented are known as | dematiaceous |
The total mass of hyphae which constitute a fungal colony is called | mycelium |
what is the plural of mycelium | mycelia |
mycelium that grows above the agar surface is called | aerial |
mycelium that grows below the agar surface is called | vegetative |
what is not formed by cleavage | conidium |
what is the plural of conidium | conidia |
what is a small, single-celled conidium called | microconidium |
what is a large septate conidium called | macroconidium |
What are the two origins of conidia | blastic or thallic |
what is produced by cleavage and contained within a membrane | endospore |
sporangium and spherule are examples of what | endospores |
what is a thick walled resting spore called | chlamydospore |
these are blown out from a mother cell | blastoconidium |
these are blastic conidium extruded from conidiogenus cell | phialoconidium |
what is a conidiogenus cell called | phialide |
what is the septation and disarticulation of conidiogenus hypha | arthroconidium |
what is produced through minute pore in wall of conidiophore or previously formed conidium | tretoconidium |
what is blown out successively from conidiophore that extends to form new apex as each spore is formed | sympodioconidium |
what is a conidiophore called | sympodula |
blastoconidium, phialoconidium, arthroconidium, tretoconidium, and sympodioconidium are all types of what kind of sporulation | asexual |
What is the phylum of water fungi | zygomycota |
What type of asexual spore does zygomycota have | sporangiospore |
What is characteristic of zygomycota | rapid growth and aseptate |
what is the phylum of sac fungi | ascomycota |
What kind of asexual spore does ascomycota have | conidium |
What is the phylum of club fungi | basidiomycota |
what is the type of asexual spore does basidiomycota have | conidium |
basidiomycota is known to have no? | animal pathogens |
what phylum is known as the fungi imperfecti | deuteromycota |
what type of asexual spore does deuteromycota have | conidium |
What form does mould take in nature | saprobic |
what form does mould take when infectious | parasitic form |
Sab or SDA is what | sabouraud agar |
what is found in sabouraud agar (SDA, Sab) | peptone, glucose, pH 5.6 |
Whatis PDA | Potato dextrose agar |
What is in potato dextrose agar (PDA) | potato infusion, glucose, pH 5.6 |
What is MEA | malt extract agar |
what is in malt extract agar (MEA) | grain extract, pH4.7 |
What are three moderately selective media for fungi | sabouraud (SDA, Sab), Potato dextrose (PDA), and Malt extract (MEA) |
What is BHI | brain heart infusion |
what is Sabhi | a combination of BHI and Sab |
What are three non-selective media for fungi | Modified sabouraud, brain heart infusion, and sabhi |
How are selective media for fungi developed | via the addition of antimicrobials |
what do chloramphenicol and gentamicin do | inhibit bacteria |
what does cycloheximide do | inhibit saprobic fungi and zygomycetes |
what is another name for cycloheximide | actidone |
What kind of samples can inoculate the surface of media | fluids, sputum, urine, supernatant from homogenized tissues |
What kind of samples have to inoculate media via the subsurface method | skin scrapings, nail clippings, hair, tissue fragments |
What temperature will all clinically significant fungi grow at | 25-30 C or room temperature |
What is 35-37 C used for in primary isolation | conversion of dimorphic fungus to parasitic form |
How long must cultures be held before being considered negative | 4-6 weeks |
What can be used for a direct KOH mount | Turbid fluids, exudates, sputum, and tissue fragments |
Will fungi show up on gram stain | yes |
Qhat is the usual aqueous solution concentration | 10-20% (w/v) |
What are two nonspecific fluorochrome stains | calcofluor white and congo red |
What is the counter stain for calcofluor white | evans blue |
what is the counter stain for congo red | potassium permanganate |
What can the fluorochrome method used for | wet mounts, smears, and tissue sections |
What are the basic criteria for fungal identification | growth rate, colony morphology, microscopic morphology, tease mount, microslide culture, lpbc mount, biochemical characteristics, antigenic characteristics |
What are some words that can me used to describe colony morphology of fungi | velvety, coarse, cottony, wooly |
What are the two mycoses that are not exogenous in origin | pityriasis versicolor and candidosis |
other than pityriasis versicolor and candidosis what are most mycoses | exogenous |
who is more likely to contract a fungal infection | young children, old, and immunocompromised |
what makes serological testing hard | antigen cross reactivity |
What is another name for canidosis | candidiasis |
What is the most outstanding candida species | candida albicans |
Are candida species fastidious or opportunistic | opportunistic |
Where is candidosis acquired | endogenous/own flora |
What is normally required for a candidosis infection to happen | some kind of predisposition, young, old, immunocompromised |
Where are the focal infections for candidosis | cutaneous, vaginitis, oropharyngeal, keratitis, conjuctivitis, onychomycosis |
what is another name for a candidosis infection of the oropharyngeal region | thrush |
What systemic infections of candidosis | pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, nephritis |
What is onychomycosis | infection of the nails |
What are four laboratory identification methods for candida albicans | pseudohyphae on gram stain, germ tube formation in vitro at 37 C, chlamydospores in vitro at RT, carb assimilations |
What is another name for large resting spores | chlamydospores |
What is another name for elongated blastochlamydia | pseudohyphae |
What mediums can be used for germ tube formation in candida | human serum, coagulase plasma and trypic soy broth, rice infusion oxgal Tween 80 |
What is another name for RIOT agar | rice infusion oxgall tween 80 |
How long must a sample be incubated before seeing germ tubes | 37 C up to 3 hours |
What is a germ tube | somatic hyphae |
How can you distinguish between a germ tube and pseudohyphae | germ tubs are normally parallel in formation while pseudohyphae are pinched at connection side and bow out |
What can distinguish candida albicans from other candida species | formation of germ tube! |
Where is the location of the chlamydospores in candida albicans | termial |
what does terminal mean | end |
what does sessile mean | beginning |
What two types of agar can be used with candida albicans to show chlamydospore formation | corn meal agar or RIOT agar |
What temperature do chlamydospores form on RIOT or corn meal agar | Room temp |
How long does it take for chlamydospores to form on candida albican at room temp | 48 hours at least |
What API system is used to identify yeasts | API 20C Aux |
What is the method that the API uses to identify yeast | carbohydrate assimilation |
What does carbohydrate assimilation mean | if the organism is able to use a carbohydrate as a carbon source allowing it to grow |
What does fermentation of carbohydrate mean | can an organism utilize a carb as a metabolite and yield an acid |
What is an older method of identification of yeast | yeast wheel |
What type of agar did the yeast wheel use | corn meal |
How many serotypes does cryptococcus neoformans have | four |
How many varieties does cryptococcus neoformans have | two |
C. neoformans var neoformans has what serotypes | A and D |
C. neoformans var gattii has what serotypes | B and C |
Where can cryptococcus be isolated from | soil and fruits, pigeon and chicken manure |
What fruit is most likely to have cryptococcus | peaches |
What kind of capsule does cryptococcus have | polysaccharide |
Which yeast has a capsule | cryptococcus |
what do you call a cryptococcus infection | cryptococcosis |
Around how many species does cryptococcus have? | 50 |
Can cryptococcus affect healthy people | yes |
What type of pathogen is cryptococcus | overt and opportunistic |
does cryptococcus form a capsule in nature | no |
how can one become infected with cryptococcus | inhilation |
around what percent of people infected with cryptococcus present with menigitis | 80 |
Where may the disseminated disease of cryptococcus affect | shin, bones, and other organs |
Where can the systemic disease of cryptococcus affect | spinal fluid, sputum, and skin |
When detecting crytococcus what prep is normally used | india ink |
what sample is normally used when doing an india ink prep | spinal fluid |
What type of spinal fluid is okay to use when doing an india ink prep | cloudy or turbid |
What should be done to spinal fluid if it is clean and you are going to do an india ink prep | centrifuge |
what would you do an india ink prep on | cryptococcus |
What stains when an india ink prep is used | capsules |
does the india ink have a high or low sensitivity | low |
What are the five ways to get a definitive identification of cryptococcus | phenoloxidase/melanin, bird seed agar, staib agar, esculin agar, l-dopa, and caffeic acid |
What is found in the bird seed agar | niger seed and thistle seed |
What color do the colonies of crytpococcus grow on esculin agar | brown to black |
how long should cryptococcus be incubated before color change on esculin agar | 24-48 hours |
What is L-DOPA | a precursor to dopamine in the brain and found in several food sources |
What is caffeic acid | It is found in all plants because it is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of lignin, one of the principal sources of biomass. |
What is the latex agglutination used to detect | crytococcal |
What is the sensitivity of the latex agglutination method | 90% |
What does the latex agglutination detect | cryptococcal capsule antigen |
what is coated with latex in the latex agglutination method | the antibody |
What does CDBT stand for | Creatinine dextrose bromothymol blue thymine |
What does CGB stand for | canavanine, glycine and bromothymol blue |
What medium does cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans grow on | CDBT |
What color does cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans grow on CDBT | red orange |
What serotype is Cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans | d |
What medium does cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans not grow on | CGB |
What serotype is cryptococcus neoformans var grubii | A |
What medium does cryptococcus neoformans var grubii not grow on | CDBT |
What serotype is C. gattii | B and C |
What medium does C. gattii grow on | CDGT and CGB |
What color does C. Gattii grow on CDGT | blue/green |
What color does C. Gattii grow on CGB | blue |
Were is C. Gattii endemic | South/Central america |
What is C. Gatti associated with | eucalyptus trees |
On the Chromagar-Candida what color would you see albicans | green |
On the chromagar- candida what color would you see tropicalis | blue |
On the chromagar-candida what could would you see krusei | mauve with wight border |