| Question | Answer |
| What are Carbohydrates major role? | Energy storage/regeneration
structural material
and molecular recognition/communications |
| What makes up Carbs | Cx(H2O)y |
| What are properties of Carbs? | -size base of carbon chain
- location of CO group
- number of sugar units
- stereochemistry of compound |
| How can we describe carbs? | 3= trios
4= tetrose
5= pentose
6= hexose (most commonn) |
| Define Aldose | Aldehyde functional group |
| Define Ketose | Ketone functional group |
| 2 representations of structure | 1. Fisher projection
2. Haworth projection |
| Define Steroisomers | Central carbons and how the align |
| 2 possible arrangements of steroisomers | 1. L = Left (HO)
2. D = Right (OH) (most common) |
| Define Monosaccharide | simple sugar = can't be further hydrolized |
| Define Disaccharide | Compound of 2 monosaccharides |
| Define Oligosaccharide | Two to Ten |
| Define Polysaccharide | Large numbers of monosaccharides |
| Two main chemical properties of carbs | 1. Reducing substances
2. Formation of glycosidaicbonds |
| When making bonds | when bonded it is no longer a reducing substance |
| Define absorption | 1. Intestinal mucosa
2. Liver |
| Define Galactose | Final phase of glucose |
| Define Glycogen | Storage form of glucose (forms skeletal muscles) |
| Define Glycolysis | the process by which glycogen or glucose is converted to G6P for entry into the glycolytic pathway to generate energy |
| Define Glycogenesis | the process by which glucose is stated as glycogen if all glucose requirements are met.
This is accomplished in the liver and muscles. |
| Define Glyconeogenesis | The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate source(fats and proteins) |
| Define Lipogenesis | Conversion of fats to glucose for energy |
| Define Lipolysis | Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids |
| 2 Pathways of Glycolysis | 1. Emben-Myerhof Pathway
2. Hexose Monophosphate Shunt |
| 2 Primary regulators | 1. Insulin
2. Glucagon |
| What is the normal fasting glucose | 70-105 mg/dL |
| Define Insulin | Responsible for entry of glucose into the cell by making the cell wall more permeable to glucose.
Secreted by Beta Cells and reduces plasma glucose |
| Define Glucagon | Increases glucose levels in blood. Secreted by Alpha cells and stimulates glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis |
| Name Secondary Hormones of Carb Metabolism | - Epinephrine
- Glucocorticoids
- ACTH and Growth Hormone
- Thyroxine
- Somatosatin |
| Define Epinephrine | Produced by Adrenal Medulla.
Inhibits insulin secretion.
Increases plasma glucose.
Increases glycogenlysis.
Promotes lipolysis. |
| Define Glucocoricoids | - Corisol
- Released by adrenal cortex
- increases plasma glucose
- decreases intestinal entry into cell
- increases glyconeogenesis,liver glycogen and lypolysis |
| Define ACTH and Growth Hormone | - Released from anterior pituitary
- increases plasma glucose |
| Define Thyroxine | - Produced in Thyroid Gland
- Increases plasma glucose levels
- Increases glycogenolysis and absorption of glucose. |
| Define Somatostatin | -produced in delta cells
- increases plasma glucose levels by inhibition of insulin |
| Define Hyperglycemia | -Increases Plasma glucose levels |
| Define Diabetes Mellitus | A group of chronic, heterogenous group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. |
| Types of Diabetes Mellitus | Type 1 - Insulin Dependent
Type 2 - Non-Insulin Dependent
Gestational - During pregnancy |
| Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus | -Destruction of B-cells
-Children and adolescents
-Abrupt onset
-Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia |
| Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus | -Insulin Resistance
-Obese people
-Generally Milder |
| Gestational Diabetes | -During Pregnancy
-Screening for High risk mothers
-*see Big Babies |
| Pathophysiology of Diabetes | -Hyperglycemia
-Glucosuria
-Ketoacidosis (Type 1)
-Hyperinsulinemia (Type 2)
-Nonketotic hyperosmolar state(Type 2) |
| Diagnosis of Diabetes | Testing is performed based on high risk criteria |
| Define Hypoglycemia | -Decreased plasma glucose levels
-very sensitive
-glucose levels of 50-55 mg/dL or lower manifest symptoms |
