| Question | Answer |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
pH | double-indicator system
methyl red and bromthymol blue |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Protein | This test is based on the protein-error-of-indicators principle. At a constant pH, the development of color is due to the presence of protein. |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Glucose | double sequential enzyme reaction. Glucose oxidase |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Blood | peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Bilirubin | Diazo Reaction |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Ketone | Sodium nitroprusside
Measures Acetoacetate and Acetone |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Specific Gravity | pKa changes - only measures particles with ionic charge |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Urobilinogen | modified Ehrlich reaction or Azocoupling reaction |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Leukocytes | detects Esterases from Granulocytic cells (Neutrophils) |
| What is the Reagent Strip Reaction?
Nitrates | Tests for Nitrites in urine due to gram negative bacteria |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
pH? | systemic acid-base disorders, infections are alkaline,
help ID crystals |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
PROTEIN? | Presence means that additional testing should be performed for renal disease |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
GLUCOSE? | Diabetes is the most common |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
KETONES? | fat is being metabolized, diabetes, vomiting, starvation, malabsorption |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
BLOOD? | HEMATURIA - Bleeding
Myoglobulin |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
BILIRUBIN? | Liver dysfunction |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
UROBILINOGEN? | Liver disease, hemolytic disorders |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
NITRATE? | Presence of bacteria |
| What is the Clinical Significance of
LEUKOCYTE ESTERASE? | Increased urinary white blood cells |
| Principle of Test?
SPECIFIC GRAVITY REFRACTOMETER | Refractive Index
Light is passed through a prism in comparison to water |
| Clinical Significance?
SPECIFIC GRAVITY | testing the kidney's ability to concentrate urine |
| How will X-ray dye affect an Urinalysis? | Will cause the specific gravity to be over 1.035 |
| What will cause Interference in testing for
PROTEIN? | Positive - buffered alkaline urine
Negative - dilute urine, skin cleaners, blood |
| What is SSA testing used for? | Backup testing for Protein |
| What is MicroAlbuminuria testing for? | Immunochemical test for very small amounts of albumin in urine |
| What causes Interference for
GLUCOSE? | positive - strong oxidizing agents such as bleach
negative - Ascorbic Acid (ascorbate), old urine |
| What is the Clinitest used for? | To detect reducing substances (sugars) such as Galactose and glucose |
| What is "pass-through" during a Clinitest | Result is greater than the linearity of the test |
| Why is it hard to perform a dipstick UA on a patient that is taking a large amount of Vitamin C | Vitamin C is ascorbic acid which interferes with many of the tests, esp glucose and urobilinogen |
| Interference?
KETONES | positive - colored urines
negative - Improper storage |
| Interference?
BLOOD | positive - menstruation
negative -not mixed well, ascorbic acid, formalin, protein |
| Interference?
BILIRUBIN | posiitive - color, many chemicals
negative - ascorbic acid, improper storage |
| What is the Ictotest used for? | Backup testing for Dipstick Bilirubin |
| Interference?
UROBILINOGEN | positive - urine color, some drugs
negative - improper storage, formalin |
| Interference?
NITRATE | Positive - old sample
Negative - bacteria not produce nitrates, Ascorbic acid
storage in bladder short |
| A urine is transparent and has not particulates present. It is ? | Clear |
| A urine has a few particulates, but newsprint can be easily read thru it. It is? | Hazy |
| A urine has many particulates and newsprint can be seen thru it, but cannot be read. It is? | Cloudy |
| A urine has so many particulates that newprint cannot be seen thru it. It is? | Turbid |
| If a urine is pink or red. It can contain? | RBCs, hemoglobin, myoglobin or the metabolites of beets |
| If a urine is deep orange, there is a good chance the patient is taking? | Pyridium (Phenazopyridine) |
| If the urine is Amber or deep yellow with a yellow foam, it can contain? | Bilirubin |
| What urine collection is best for a Urinalysis | Clean Catch Urine |
| A urinalysis cannot be performed for 12 hours. What is the best way to preserve this urine? | Refrigeration |
| What Chemistry test can be used to determine if a sample is urine? | Creatinine |
| What Protein does the dipstick detect? | Albumin |
| What ketones do the dipstick detect? | Acetone and Acetoacetate |
| Why is the detection of Ascorbic Acid so important in urinalysis? | Ascorbic acid causes interferences in multiple tests |
