Question | Answer |
Blood type is an example of what kind of inheritance? | Codominant. |
What is the diploid number for humans? | 43 |
What are the phases of mitosis? | Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
What is an amorph? Give an example. | An amorph is a silent gene, like the O blood type. |
What number of chromosomes are carried by the gametes? | Haploid. |
What does meiosis produce? | gametes |
How many daughter cells arise from meiosis? | four |
Define homozygous. | two identical alleles inherited. |
Genotype is? | The actual sequence of DNA inherited. |
Phenotype is? | The expression of the genotype. |
What does cis mean when describing the loaction of the alelle? Trans? | Cis mean that the allele is on the same chromosome. Trans means it is on the opposite chromosome. |
What is Landsteiner's rule? | You do not have the antibody to the antigen that you possess but you have antibodies to the antigen you lack. |
What fluid does forward typing use? What is it testing for? | Forward typing uses the RBC and tests for antigens. |
What portion of the blood is used for reverse typing? | Serum and detects the antibodies. |
What do we mean when we say the phenotype of the blood? | The demonstrable antigens present on the RBC |
What is the rarest blood type in the ABO system? | AB |
WHat is the most common blood type? | O |
What blood type has slightly higher frequency in blacks than in whites? | B |
What blood type has a higher frequency in whites vs. blacks? | A |
What does the A and B genes code for? | glycosyltransferases |
WHere is the ABO precursor locus? | chromosome 9 (9q34) |
What does the A gene encode for as far as the sugar and the enzyme? | galactosaminyl transferase (enz) and N-acetylgalactosamine |
What does the B gene encode for as far as sugar and enzymes? | galactosyl transferase (enz) and D-galactose |
What does the H and Se gene encode for? | fucosyl transferase and L-Fucose |
Which chromosome has the H and Se gene? | Chromosome 19. |
What substances can secretors secrete? | H, A, B, Leb, Lea |
Rank from highest to lowest the blood types based on the amount of H secreted. | O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B>Bombay (Ohh) |
What type of blood can you give to a bombay person? | Bombay blood only. |
How can you test for H? | Use the Ulex europaeus (anti-H). If agglutinates then they are secreting H. |
What type of antibodies are produced from ABO? | naturally occurring. |
At what age do babies start producing anitbodies of their own? | Usually between 3 and 6 months |
Which immunoglobulins is released by A or B individuals? | IgM |
What immunoglobulin is produced by type O individuals? | IgG |
A1 is very potent. What does this mean regarding the H substance? | That most of it is used up by the A1. |
What blood type has an increased chance of causing HDN? | Type O |
What is acquired A syndrome associated with? | Septicemic infections. |
What does it mean when a child has AB cis genes? | That they inherited the A and B gene from one parent (one chromosome) and the O gene from the other parent. They have ABO blood type. |
What can cause unexpected results with the red cell testing? | Rouleaux, antibody coated cells, mixed field agglutination, subgroups of A or B, acquired A or B (gram- bacterial infections) |
When can serum give unexpected results? | high concentration of fibrinogen, proteins, or globulin, Weakened or absent antibodies (immune deficient), IV solutions, unexpected allo or autoantibodies. |
What are possible tech errors that could occur? | incorrect id of specimen, incorrect reading of the results, contamination, overcentrifugation, failure to ID hemolysis as a positive reaction, dirty glassware, inappropriate cell to serum ratio |
What portion of the antibody does the AHG attach? | Fc portion |
What temperature is IgG reactive at? | 37 C |
What temperature is IgM reactive at? | 22-24 C |
During a primary immune response which immunoglobulin responds first? | IgM |
During a secondary immune response which immunoglobulin has the highest peak? | IgG |
Which immunoglobulin has the highest concentration in the serum? | IgG |
Which immunoglobulin class is the most clinically significant? | IgG |
What portion of the blood does IAT test? | The serum |
What portion of the blood does DAT test? | RBC |
Why is it important to reduce the Zeta potential in the IAT? | It enhances the ab uptake. |