Question | Answer |
Who recognized Kidneys? Did he say they were regulatory or excretory? | Starling 1900,Said they were regulatory |
What is the excretory function of the kidneys? | Regulate composition and volume of body fluids. |
What are 7 functions of the kidneys? | Regulation of body fluid osmolality and volume, electrolyte balance, acid-base balanceExcretion of metabolic products and foreign substancesProduction and secretion of hormonesRole in calcium homeostatsisAdaptation to nephron loss |
T/F Kidneys control both the osmolality and volume of body fluids | true |
why control body fluid osmolality? | maintain cell volumeCarry on normal cardiovascular function |
How do the kidneys control osmolality? | by regulating the excretion of water and NaCl |
T/F The CV system and CNS integrate the kidney's function | True |
What are some inorganic ions that the kidneys regulate? Organic? | INorganic-Na,K, Cl, HCO3, H, Ca, P/Organic-excretion of citrate or succinate |
What is a process of separating wastes from body fluids and eliminating them? | Excretion |
What must happen with the excretion of electrolytes to maintain balance? | excretion must be balanced w/ daily intake |
what will happen if intake exceeds excretion? | amount of a given electrolyte increases |
what is the sole or primary route for excretion? | kidneys |
How is body fluid pH maintained w/in very narrow limits? | by buffers w/in the body and coordinated action of the lungs and kidneys |
what are the metabolic end products that the body no longer needs called? What excretes them? | Metabolic wastes; kidneys |
What are some examples of metabolic wastes? | AA-Urea(50% of N products)Nuclic acid-uric acid: phosph-creatine to creatine, metabolites of hormones, hemoglobin end products |
what rate are the metabolic wastes excreted? | rate that matches their production b/c concentrations are maintained at a constant level. |
What are 3 examples of foreign substances eliminated by the kidneys? | Chemicals in food, herbicides and insecticides, and drugs |
What happens with metabolic wastes if kidney function is compromised? | metabolic wastes and foreign substances accumulate |
Do kidney's produce hormones? are they an endocrine organ? | Yes and yes |
What hormones does the kidney produce and secrete? | Renin, Calcitrol(VitaminD), Erythropoeitin |
What is renin? | not really a hormone but a protelytic enzyme used to produce an enzymeIt is a precursor |
What does renin do? | It converts to Angiotensin and is part of the Aldosterone systemIt Regulates BP via Na/K balance |
What is the function of Calcitrol? | normal reabsoption: Ca by GI tract decreases for bone deposition |
What happens to calcitrol in renal disease? | Production is impaired and levels are reduced. Ca is reabosbed by intestine and then there are abnormalities in bone formation |
What is ESRD and when is it seen? | End Stage Renal Disease and seen in people w/ a GSR<10% or normal |
What must be done w/ people who have ESRD? | Renal replacement --> peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, renal transplant |
What is the function of EPO? | Stimulates RBC formation by the bone marrow to control oxygen carrying capacity of blood. IT determines the RBC count. |
What happens to EPO in kidney disease? | production and secretion is reduced and Anemia can be seen w/ CRF |
What do kidneys release to regulate hormonal production and secretion? | Renalase which inactivates catacholamines to regulate BP |
Do kidneys respond to homeostatic needs? | yes |
What is the range that urinary volume may vary? | 0.5-18 L/day |
What number can urine be diluted to? Concentrated to? | diluted-50mOsm/Lconcentrated-1200mOsm/L |
Are the urinary system and reporductive system closely associated? | yes |
In what animals does the urigenital system occur? What does this system mean? | animals and menmeans the urethra serves as a passage for both urine and sperm |
What is waste? | substance that is useful to the body or may be present in excess of body's needs |
What is a waste substance produced by the body? What are are 2 toxic examples? | Metabolic WasteNitrogenous Wastes(ammonia, urea, uric acic, creatine)Non-nitrogenous waste (CO2) |
what is a bi-product of protein catabolism? | Urea |
How is Urea formed? | proteins->AA->removal of -NH2 groupNH2 group->ammonia->urea |
what does uric acid form from? | nucleic acid |
What causes Azotemia? | accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in blood. |
What does Azotemia turn into? | uremia |
What happens after Uremia is reached? | Uremia->convulsion->coma->death |
what does renal failure require? | Hemodialysis (replaces kidey's job to rid waste and puts blood back into body) |
What is the normal urine production per day? | 1-2 L/day |
What is Polyuria/divresis? | >2 L/day of urine |
What is Oliguria? | <500 ml/day of urine |
What is Anuna? | no urine due to kidney disease, dehydration, or prostate enlargement |
What is normal urine output per day? | 0-100 ml/day |
At what number is urine output too low to where the body can't maintain a safe low concentration of wast in the blood (Azotemia) | <400 ml/day |
Why do we care about Kidneys? | Ohh yeah, we don't!!! :) |